Charging Systems

In this presentation you will:

 identify different types of charging systems

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Introduction

On conventional
vehicles, the charging
system functions while
the engine is running.

It performs two
major roles:

An alternator is part of the charging

 Charging the system
battery

 Supplying power to
all the electrical
systems

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Types of Charging Systems

Early systems used

a DC generator to perform
the charging function.

DC Generator

Alternator

A modern vehicle uses

an AC generator, also
known as an alternator.

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Question 1

When does the charging system NOT function?

A) When the ignition is switched off

B) When the engine is running

C) When stationary at lights

D) When braking hard

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Question 1

When does the charging system NOT function?

A) When the ignition is switched off

B) When the engine is running

C) When stationary at lights

D) When braking hard

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Charging System Components

Here are the

components of a
typical charging
system:

 The alternator
converts mechanical
power to electricity
and charges the Drive belt
battery.
Alternator

 The drive belt drives

the alternator from
the crankshaft.

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Charging System Components

 The charge indicator Battery

Charge
or warning
is a dash-mounted indicator
device that displays
charging system
information.

 The battery stores

electricity and
supplies voltage to Drive belt

the alternator.
Alternator

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Charging System Operation

During cranking, the

battery supplies electricity
to the starter motor.

When the engine starts

running, the charging
system takes over and
supplies electricity to
all electrical systems.

Alternator
pulley

The alternator pulley is

turned by the drive belt,
which is connected to the
crankshaft pulley. Crankshaft
pulley

Drive belt Next >

Charging System Operation

The turning alternator

pulley causes the
alternator to supply
electricity.

The electricity is
regulated to between
13 and 15 V.

Alternator
Because the alternator 13 - 15 V
Load
pulley
voltage is higher than - +
the battery voltage
Battery Alternator
(typically 12.6 V), the
battery is charged and Crankshaft
all systems receive Alternator and engine running pulley
alternator voltage.
Drive belt
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Alternator External View

Regulator, rectifier
Here are some external and brush cover
parts of an alternator:
Drive pulley

 The drive pulley

connects to the
crankshaft pulley using
a V-belt or multi-groove
drive belt.
Cooling fan
Circulation vents
 The cooling fan draws
in air to cool alternator Drive frame cover
End frame cover
components.

 The frame covers are

used to secure and locate
internal components.

 The brush cover allows

access to change bushes
and test components. Next >
Alternator Terminals

A typical alternator has

these terminals at the rear
for circuit connection:

 The B+ terminal provides

the alternator output to
the battery and loads.

 The IG terminal is used

to switch the regulator
on. It is connected to the Connector containing:
B+ terminal
ignition switch. IG terminal
S terminal
L terminal
 The S terminal is used by the
regulator to sense the charging
voltage at the battery.

 The L terminal is used by

the regulator to ground
the warning lamp. Next >
Question 2

What makes the center shaft of the alternator turn?

A) Electricity from the battery

B) Crankshaft movement drives the pulley belt

C) Air circulation through the vents

D) Electricity from the regulator, rectifier, and brushes

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Question 2

What makes the center shaft of the alternator turn?

A) Electricity from the battery

B) Crankshaft movement drives the pulley belt

C) Air circulation through the vents

D) Electricity from the regulator, rectifier, and brushes

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Alternator Internal View

Here are the internal

components of a Rectifier
assembly
typical alternator:

 The rotor contains a

rotating field winding.

 The stator contains a

stationary induction Rotor

winding.
Stator

 The rectifier assembly

contains a diode
bridge rectifier.
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Alternator Internal View

 The brush box and

Frame
voltage regulator Rectifier
cover
assembly
control the voltage at
the alternator output. Brush box and
regulator
Retainer nut
Frame
cover

 The cooling fans

provide air circulation.
Drive pulley

Rotor

Here are the names of Stator

the other parts of the
alternator. Casing retainer bolts
Cooling fans

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Alternator Operation

The rotor turns inside

the stator while the
engine is running.

Rotor Stator

The magnetic field of the

spinning rotor induces
three alternating voltages
U

90° 180° 270° 360° T

in the stator windings.

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Alternator Operation
+

U
90° 180° 270° 360° T

Rectifier Voltage
Assembly Regulator

The rectifier assembly converts the three phase alternating voltage to

DC voltage.

A voltage regulator adjusts the DC voltage output level to charge the battery
and meet demand from the electrical systems. Next >
Alternator Electrical Circuit

Rectifier B

Diodes
Stator

Charge
Diodes L indicator lamp
Rotor
IG Ignition
Voltage switch
Regulator
Rotor shaft
and brushes S
Starter
solenoid
Battery terminal

Here is a typical electrical circuit for an alternator.

Notice that the voltage regulator senses the alternator output voltage at the
starter solenoid terminal.
Some alternators sense voltage at the rotor winding or at their output terminal.
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Regenerative Brake Systems

Conventional Drum brakes

vehicles are fitted Disc brakes

with hydraulic brakes.

When the brakes are

applied, the vehicle
slows down, and most
of its kinetic energy is
wasted as heat.

Regenerative
brake system
components
Hybrid and electric
vehicles are fitted
with both hydraulic
and regenerative
brake systems.

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Hybrid Vehicle Charging Systems

Hybrid vehicles use high Electric traction HV battery pack

Generator
motor
voltage (HV) battery
packs to function.

The regenerative brake

system captures the
vehicle’s kinetic energy
and converts it into
Mechanical path
electricity to recharge Electrical path
the HV battery pack.
Regenerative
brake system
components
To do this, the hybrid
computer changes the
function of the electric
traction motor to a
generator, which is then
driven by the road wheels.
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Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

An electric vehicle (EV)

uses an electric traction Plug-in
motor for propulsion. connection

The electric traction

motor is powered by
the HV battery pack.

A plug-in connection HV battery

Electric traction
Generator pack
is used to recharge motor
the battery pack from
the domestic
electricity supply.

During regenerative
braking, the electric
traction motor becomes
a generator to recharge
the battery pack. Next >
Question 3

Which type of energy does a regenerative brake system convert

to electricity?

A) Potential

B) Kinetic

C) Chemical

D) Magnetic

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Question 3

Which type of energy does a regenerative brake system convert

to electricity?

A) Potential

B) Kinetic

C) Chemical

D) Magnetic

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Summary

In this presentation you have seen:

 different types of charging systems

End