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Power Quality 438-II
Power Quality 438-II
438-II
1
Costs of poor power quality
2
Test meter certification
Is the meter independently verified or just
“designed to meet?”
3
Enhance Work Safety
4
Connecting to the power system
• Use appropriately-rated test equipment
Check the voltage and CAT rating of meters, analyzers,
clips, leads, and current clamps
• Wear appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE)
Follow NFPA 70E guidelines for clothing / other PPE
• Connect to de-energized conductors
whenever possible.
Leave spare breakers for this purpose
• Avoid holding testers in your hands.
Set it up and set it down!
Use clips to secure voltage leads.
• Connect ground leads first
• Connect voltage probes to the load
(protected) side of breakers.
5
Common Facility Problems
Typical facility
Inside the building
problems:
• Loose connections
• Arcing connections
• Overloaded circuits
and transformers
• Unbalanced loads
• Harmonics caused by
modern electronics
• Illegal neutral to
ground bonds
• Ground loops
• Undersized or
shared neutrals
66
Technical lesson
77
You must know the wiring configuration to hook up to the system and
Transformer connections
measure power correctly
Single-phase systems
V
Wye (4-wire) voltages are usually measured C A C A
phase-to neutral.
Delta voltages are measured phase-to-phase. V
B B
88
What is electrical energy?
Power, kW
Rate at which ac energy is expended. Watts measure the
energy required to do actual work, such a running a motor.
Demand, kVA
Total voltage and current required from the utility,
regardless of its efficiency or whether it does actual work.
Power factor, PF
When a circuit operates at 100% efficiency, demand =
power. When power is less than demand, the difference,
kW/kVA, is power factor. PF below .95 is inefficient.
To measure power the way the utility bills for it,
a power measurement accounting for volts, amps, watts, and PF is necessary.
To increase efficiency, harmonics and unbalance should be also be assessed.
9
Energy logging: Why and where
Why: You need to map where your consumption is going
• Compare against utility meter/bills
• Evaluate peak demand and any power factor charges
Where: 160
Total kW
140
100
power factor 80
10
Power Quality Issues
Voltage variations,
Dips/Swells
Interruptions
Transients
Harmonics
Frequency
variation
Unbalance
11
Common power disturbances
Symptoms
• Power outages
• Tripping circuit breakers and ASDs
• High utility bills
• Flickering lights
• Equipment running noisy and hot
• Premature equipment failure
• Poor performance & unexpected shutdowns
• Lost data in electronics
Causes
• Voltage dips & swells
• Transients
• Noise interference
• Harmonic distortion
• Under / over voltage or current
• Voltage unbalance
12
Power Quality Trends
14
Harmonics and distortion
Technical lesson
15
3rd Harmonics
• Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are
whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. Example: 3rd harmonics
frequency is 50Hz x 3 = 150Hz
•Diodes
•Transistors
•Electric motors
•SMPSs (switch-mode
power supply)
• 3rd Harmonics currents are in-phase. They do not cancel out but add up on neutral conductor.
• Neutrals can carry as much current or more current than the phase conductor if there are
many non-linear loads such as inverter drives.
Increased risk of fire & damaged conductors especially when adding machines, motors,
drives in facility.
16
What is the possible
problem?
L2 L3 N
L1
Insulation
Area of Current Flow
Conductor
Identifying harmonics waste
Harmonics cause:
• unusable power, drawn from
utility but not converted to actual
work
• high current to flow in neutral
conductors
• motors and transformers to run
hot, decreasing efficiency and
shortening lifespan
• increased susceptibility to
voltage sags
• reduced transformer efficiency Power quality analyzers display a spectrum graph
— or, a larger unit is required to of harmonic components present in a system, but
the graph on its own does not quantify the amount
accommodate harmonics. of energy wasted by harmonics.
18
Technical lesson
Distorted waveforms
Harmonic frequencies combine with the fundamental to form distorted
voltage or current waveforms
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) expresses contribution of all harmonics
19
Technical lesson
Voltage distortion on motors
20
Main hazards of harmonics
• Harmonic can cause relay protection, safety automatic device failure
to operate.
• Resonance can lead to damage of capacitors, transformers due to
overcurrent or overvoltage.
• Increases harmonic energy loss in the power system.
• Reduces utilization ratio of electric equipment:
― Equipment requires de-rating (rotating machines, capacitors,
transformers) and conductors
― Equipment may overload (heating, vibration, abnormal sound etc.)
― Shorten service life.
21
Why is unbalance important?
Technical lesson
3-phase electrical panels usually alternate phases going down the panel:
L1, L2, L3, L1, L2, L3.... As you add circuits in sequence this tends to
balance the loading.
22
Why is unbalance important?
Technical lesson
Vector display
• Vectors show rms
magnitude and phase angle
for all three phases, voltage
and current
23
Why is unbalance important?
Technical lesson
Harmonic sequences
Positive, negative, zero sequence
Sequence Rotation Effects (from skin effect, eddy currents, etc.)
Positive Forward Heating of conductors, circuit breakers, etc.
Sequence + - 0 + - 0 + - 0
24
Fluke 438 Series II Features
2525
Independent Certification
• Independent certification
should include a highly
detailed report.
• A short certificate has brief
details of conformity to the
standard.
• It should be signed and dated
by the independent tester.
• The detailed report is
available on request.
Access multiple
measurement
screens while
continuously
measuring
3-Phase connections
• Scope functions help verify correct
connections
2828
Fluke 438 Series II
2929
Fluke 438 Series II
Hands-on debrief
These connections are incorrect because Phase B and C are swapped and the
current clamp on Phase A is on backwards.
3030
Harmonics
• The Fluke 430-II displays the harmonic
spectrums of:
― Voltage, Current and Power
• Display measurements as a bar chart, in
tabular format or as a trend graph.
• THD describes overall distortion present,
• %THD, 1st to 50th Harmonic and K-Factor
• Harmonics are displayed as %r (of total
harmonic voltage), %f (of fundamental
voltage) or rms (voltage)
32
Energy components
Imaginary
Complex
• Real (P) or active power in watts (W) Power (S)
• Reactive Power (Q) in volt ampere Reactive
reactive (VAR) Power (Q)
• Complex Power (S) in volt ampere
(VA)
• Apparent Power, the magnitude of
complex power (VA) φ
Real
Real
Mathematically expressed by S = P + jQ Power (P)
33
What is voltage and current unbalance?
A
In a balanced 3-phase system, the phase
voltages are very close to equal.
Unbalance is a measurement of the
inequality of the phase voltages. 120° 120°
34
What you see with Energy Loss
Useful kilowatts
(power) available
Reactive
(unusable) power
Power made
unusable by
unbalance
Unusable distortion
volt amperes
Neutral current
Total cost of
wasted kilowatt
hours per year
35
Dip or Swell?
Dip The DIP event starts when the voltage goes
below the threshold.
Nominal The DIP event ends
voltage when the voltage
reaches the hysteresis
Hysteresis point
Threshold
Threshold
Hysteresis
The SWELL event ends
when the voltage
Nominal reaches the hysteresis
voltage point
Load disturbance:
Downstream current inrush causes voltage sag
Source disturbance:
Upstream voltage sag causes little change or current drop
3737
Transients
• Setting up the Fluke 435-II for transient
capture is really simple.
• The step by step setup simplifies setup.
• The type of capture can be selected from
choices including transients, swells, dips
etc.
Transients
Causes of transients:
• Utility transformer tap switching
• Capacitors switching on
• Lightning
• Motors switching off
• Switch and relay contact “bounce”
Effects of transients:
• Damage semiconductor junctions
• Damage Insulation
• Couple into adjacent circuits because of high
frequency (fast rise times)
• Corrupt data signals
39
Transients
Technical lesson
40
Transients
Technical lesson
Reading the waveforms
Capacitive transients will exhibit
some ringing
Switching and lightning transients
usually show a single prominent
spike with a fast decay
4141
Transients
Technical lesson
4242
Traditional method
Evaluating Mechanical Output Power
The Fluke 438-II provides a very affordable alternative delivering easy to understand measurement
data on systems that are operating in their typical environment.
Breakthrough Technology
To quickly discover electrical
performance
• Electrical Measurements
– Capture key electrical parameters to compare with
motor nameplate – Voltage, current, power, power
factor etc.
To quickly discover mechanical
performance
• Mechanical Measurements
– Captured without the need to install mechanical
sensors to measure speed torque, mechanical power
Check on the state of power
quality
• Unbalance and harmonics matter
– Ensuring harmonics and unbalance are within
reasonable limits is key to ensuring acceptable motor
performance
– Unique NEMA de-rating information screen shows
impact of poor power quality
While running with stable torque, delta between torque sensor and
Fluke 438-II is < 2%
June 2016
Electrical Measurements
• Three phase measurements
– Electrical Power
– Unbalance
– Power Factor
– Harmonic Distortion
• Motor Electrical Analysis
– Directly on line motors only
(more than 60% of motors are connected direct
on line)
– Measurement as % of rated nameplate
specification
• Measurement Benefits
– Quickly quantify performance relative to design
specification
– Measure and eliminate poor power quality as
source of motor failure
Mechanical Measurements
• Calculated Mechanical Measurements using
advanced analysis of electrical signals
– Power
– Torque
– Speed
– Efficiency
• Motor Mechanical Analysis
– Directly coupled motors only
– Measurement as % of rated nameplate
specification for quick good or bad indication
• Measurement Benefits
– No load sensor required, save cost and
overcome challenges of accessing shaft
– Quickly ascertain load under operating
condition
Motor Rated Load
• Calculated real time load factor
– Operating conditions, load and power quality
impact the rated performance of motors
– To compensate, the motor power must be de-rated
to mitigate temperature rise and stress to windings
and mechanical components
• Motor Mechanical Analysis
– Directly coupled motors only
– De-rating factor calculated according to National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
standards, taking the impact of poor power quality
into account.
• Measurement Benefits
– Quickly identify motors operating at or beyond
limits, make system adjustments to prevent
failures
– Size the motor to save operating cost and prevent
downtime
Diagnostic benefits
• The 438-II has two important summary screens that show key electrical and mechanical
parameters in terms of ‘state of health’ to provide a quick insight on the status of the
motors as it operates.
• Measuring torque can give a direct insight into the state of health
of the motor, the load and process.
• Reliable operation over time is ensured while minimizing maintenance costs.
Diagnostic benefits