This document discusses the principles and techniques of resistance exercise in physical therapy. It explains that applying an external force against muscle contraction increases intramuscular tension and stimulates muscular development. The key factors for building different aspects of muscular efficiency through resistance exercise are also outlined, including high resistance for power and low resistance for endurance. Proper technique involves stabilizing the body, applying traction, matching resistance to muscle strength, and focusing on smooth controlled movements. The document provides guidance on variables like repetition numbers and exercise selection based on patient factors.
This document discusses the principles and techniques of resistance exercise in physical therapy. It explains that applying an external force against muscle contraction increases intramuscular tension and stimulates muscular development. The key factors for building different aspects of muscular efficiency through resistance exercise are also outlined, including high resistance for power and low resistance for endurance. Proper technique involves stabilizing the body, applying traction, matching resistance to muscle strength, and focusing on smooth controlled movements. The document provides guidance on variables like repetition numbers and exercise selection based on patient factors.
This document discusses the principles and techniques of resistance exercise in physical therapy. It explains that applying an external force against muscle contraction increases intramuscular tension and stimulates muscular development. The key factors for building different aspects of muscular efficiency through resistance exercise are also outlined, including high resistance for power and low resistance for endurance. Proper technique involves stabilizing the body, applying traction, matching resistance to muscle strength, and focusing on smooth controlled movements. The document provides guidance on variables like repetition numbers and exercise selection based on patient factors.
ِ ْس in the name of god,the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
LECTURE NO 4 SUBJECT kinesiology ii
Dr Syeda Abida Hussain Sherazi(PT)
MSAPT(DUHS)DPT(BMU) MPPTA Snr.Lecturer physical therapy UAJ&K . Resisted Exercise The Principles of Resistance • An external force may be applied to the body levers to oppose the force of muscular contraction. • Tension is increased within the muscles by the opposing force (or resistance) and the muscles respond by an increase in their power and hypertrophy. • As the increase in muscular development occurs in response to the increase in intramuscular tension it follows that, • the application of the maximum resistance which is consistent with the ability of the muscles to overcome it will elicit the maximum development. • When applying resistance the power of the muscles must always be greater than the resisting force in order to allow contraction and controlled movement to take place, When the muscle power and the resisting force are equal maximum tension is created in the muscles but no movement results but, if the resisting force exceeds the power of the contracted muscles to which it is opposed, it will force the muscles to elongate at a speed which is beyond their control . • This may injure the muscles or the joint and • is to be avoided. • There are five factors which contribute to the development of muscular efficiency, i.e. 1. power, 2. endurance, 3. volume, 4. speed of contraction and 5. co-ordination. • The first three are inter-related and can be built up by the use of resisted exercise. 1. Power develops in response to the application of the maximum resistance which is consistent with the ability of the muscles to overcome it, therefore power can be built up when they work against a progressively increasing resistance. As the essential factor in power development is the magnitude of the resistance the method used to promote it is called Heavy Resistance-Low Repetition Exercise, the number of times the movement is repeated being relatively few to allow the resistance to be as great as possible. 2. Endurance is a quality which develops in response to repetitive contraction, therefore as it is the number of contractions which is the essential factor, the method used in this case is called Light Resistance-High Repetition Exercise. 3. Volume, which can be observed or measured as an indication of hypertrophy, usually develops in proportion to power. It serves as a means of demonstrating progress to the patient although it is not invariably a reliable indication of successful treatment. • Skill in estimating the capacity of the muscles at every stage of treatment and in matching this with the correct amount of resistance is the keynote to success in the use of resisted exercise. • Variation of the Power of Muscles in Different Parts of their Range Muscles • M/S which are capable of producing a considerable range of joint movement are not equally powerful in all parts of their range. Physiologically, muscles are capable of exerting their greatest strength when they are fully extended, i.e. in outer range, and as they shorten their force diminishes. This, however, is modified in the case of sole muscles by mechanical factors such as the angle of pull of the tendon of insertion, i.e. the effect of the pull on the lever is greatest when the angle of pull approaches a right angle. For example: physiologically the Flexors of the Elbow are strongest in their outer range, but mechanically strongest at about mid-range. • When both these factors are taken into account, and allowance is made for overcoming the initial inertia at the beginning of the movement, it can be roughly estimated that the muscles will be most efficient in the outer part of the middle range. • This, in fact, can be proved by experiment. It seems, however, that the relative importance of these factors varies in different muscle groups but, broadly speaking, each group is found to be most powerful in the part of the range in which it is habitually used, i.e. Shoulder Flexors in outer range, Hip Extensors in inner range. • In giving manual resistance these variations in power can be felt and the resistance adjusted accordingly, • but other means of providing resistance are not so accurate from this point of view. Technique of Resisted Exercises
1. Starting Position. Comfort and stability for
the body as a whole ensures that the patient’s whole attention can be concentrated on the pattern of movement and the effort required to overcome the resistance. 2. The Pattern of Movement. This must be well known by the patient and can be taught as a free exercise. The pattern selected should, whenever possible, be one which allows contraction of the muscles in full range and it should be based on a natural pattern of purposeful movement. • 3. Stabilisation. • Stabilisation of the bone or bones of origin of the muscles to be resisted improves their efficiency. • This stabilisation is rarely static when a natural pattern of movement is used as • it is constantly being adapted to the circumstances of the movement Provided the muscles normally responsible • for the stabilization have remained efficient they should be used for this purpose, • as their action is considered to provide reinforcement for the muscles producing the movement. • If, however, there is a tendency for movement to be transferred to neighbouring joints so that the pattern of movement is altered, • then additional means of fixation such as manual pressure or a strap must be used to ensure movement at the required joint. 4. Traction. Preliminary stretching of the muscles to elicit the myotatic (stretch) reflex provides a powerful stimulus to contraction, and traction maintained throughout the range facilitates joint movement and maintains tension on the muscles and so augments the effect of the resisting force. • 5. The Resisting Force. • A variety of means may be employed to supply the force used • to resist the contraction of the working muscles, • e.g. manual pressure, weights, springs, etc., but in every case it should be applied in a manner which ensures that pressure is exerted on the surface of the patient’s skin which is in the direction of the movement. The advantage of manual pressure is that it can be adjusted accurately to match the power of the muscles in all circumstances and in every part of the range, but it also has the disadvantage of not being easily measurable. Mechanical resistances are usually measurable and therefore provide a useful means of recording progress. The magnitude of the resisting force, in relation to that of the muscle power, varies according to the purpose for which it is used. • Maximal resistance elicits maximal effort on the part of the muscles and it is therefore used to develop power and hypertrophy. • As the quality of muscular endurance is developed by repeated contraction against resistance the latter is considerably less than maximal to allow a greater number of repetitions to take place . 6. The Character of the Movement . The movement is essentially smooth and controlled throughout, the effort involved commanding the patient’s full attention. The speed of movement is consistent with the optimum rate of contraction for the particular group of muscles in relation to the resistance which constitutes the load. The range of movement is full whenever possible, but resistance can be applied in any part of the range which is convenient or desirable and the muscles can also be resisted so that they work statically at any particular point in their range. 7. Repetitions. The number of times the muscles are thrown into action against a resistance varies according to the condition and the individual patient, and it is inadvisable to accept any rule of thumb procedure. Low Resistance-High Repetition exercises appear to be more suitable for weak or elderly patients whose muscles are less resilient than those of the young and strong, and they have proved to be effective in such conditions as Osteo-arthritis High Resistance-Low Repetition exercises on the other hand undoubtedly build up power and hyper trophy muscles suffering from disuse as the result of traumatic injury or in connection with orthopaedic surgery, e.g. menisectomy. • When there is effusion or joint changes are present, as in Rheumatoid Arthritis, • static resisted contraction of the muscles passing over the joint with a high repetition figure are valuable for retaining muscular efficiency and they can be performed in any part of the range which is pain-free. • 8. The Co-operation of the Patient . The effort exerted by the patient and his interest in the treatment undoubtedly play an important part in the development of his muscles by means of resisted exercise. Interest is stimulated by precision in applying the resistance, • regular measurement and • recording of progress, • verbal encouragement and, • in suitable cases, by competition. • Thanks