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Chap 2 Psychological Testing Norms
Chap 2 Psychological Testing Norms
Chap 2 Psychological Testing Norms
NORMS
M. A. Part I
Semester I
By
Balaji Niwlikar
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Basic Statistical Concepts:
Measures of Central tendencies:
Mean
Average
Median
Middle value
Mode
Most repeated score
Measures of Variability:
Standard deviation
Quartile deviation
Range
Z Scores
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Norms
Standard/Average performance .
Methodology – to understand psy tests and proper
interpretation of scores.
Norms, Reliability , Validity, Item Analysis and
Test Design.
Raw Scores - 35 in English. 20 in math ????
Expressed in different units –kg, hour , no .of
correct/incorrect responses, no. of trails,
So we cant just directly compare it.
It can only interpreted in clearly defined and
uniform frame of references .
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Norms
Definition:
“Norms may be defined as the average performance on a particular test
made by a standardization sample.”
Standardization sample-true representation population, cross cultural,
Empirically established .
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Types of Norms:
Derived Score-
Expressed in two major ways i.e types
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Types of Norms:
Norms
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Developmental Norms
A way to attach meaning to scores.
To indicate how far an individual has progressed the normal
developmental path.
Ex – children smile after certain age.
Binet proposed early developmental age norms and gave
concept of Mental Age
Mental Age-
Binet –Simon
Items passed by the majority of 8 years old in standardised
sample were grouped together and placed in the 8 year level.
= Mental Age of 8.
8 year old Sheldon Cupper scored well on intelligence test of
80 year old –means he has Mental Age of 80 year old
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Developmental Norms
1. Age equivalent norms:
Criteria – Ave. performance of standard sample at certain
age level.
Most suitable for trait or ability which increases
systematically.
e.g. Height, weight, Cog. Abilities, intelligence etc.
Limitations –
1. It is not fully standard and uniform unit for measurement for
over all period.
2. Some of the traits can not be explained by age norms though they
are related to age.
Ex- maze learning will not develop after adolescent, IQ will not
increased after 16 but vocabulary can.
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Developmental Norms
2. Grade Equivalent norms
Like age equivalent norms – criterion –Grade/Standard
In field of educations . Achievement test & educational test.
Ex -4th grade performance in math ,language skill.
The average no. of problems solved correctly on a math test
by the 4th Grader in a standardization sample is 23,them raw
score of 23 corresponds to grade equivalent of 4
It can be expressed in decimal (4.5); If we considered months .
Limitations –
Same students in different subjects not comparables (math
with social sciences).
Not suitable for higher grades level ( 1 subject for 2 years)
Not suitable for subjects which occurs rapidly growth in
lower grades ;will be same in higher grade
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Developmental Norms
3. Ordinal scales –
Not like statistics (providing rank order to individual without
knowledge about amount of differences between them )
Designed to identify the stage reached by the child in the
development of specific behavior functions
Originated from research of child psychology
Based on Model of Guttman Scale or simplex(1944)- successful
performance at one level implies success at all lower level.
Success in functions of locomotion , concept formation, etc.
Gesell Developmental Schedule (1947)–child has attained a
certain level in –motor, adaptive ,language ,& personal-social.
Development theory of Piaget – schema ,object permanence
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Within-Group Norms
Almost all psychological test provides it.
Used most near comparable standard group ex
- same chronological age /same school grade.
Within group scores / norms have uniform
and clearly defined quantitative meaning .
Used in most of statistical analysis.
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four levels or scales of measurement. (noir)
Nominal scales –
involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing
characteristics,
Ex - “men,” “1,” “B,” or “women,” “2,” or “A.”
Ordinal scales-
permit classification and rank ordering on some characteristic
Ex- merit list of SP College.
Interval scales -
contain equal intervals between numbers.
But like ordinal scales, interval scales contain no absolute zero point
Ex -IQs of 80 and 100
Ratio Scales
In addition to all the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval
measurement,
It scale has a true zero point.
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Within-Group Norms
1. Percentiles:
Most common and popular
Percentile -% of persons (standard sample) fall below a given point.
Percentile and Percentile Rank are two different concepts.
ex – if the 30% of the person obtain fewer than 18 problems correct
on math then raw score of 18 corresponds to 30th percentile (P30) i.e.
percentile rank is 30 and percentile score is 18
Lower the percentile the poorer the persons standing.
PR 50 –median .PR 25 and PR 75 are called 1st n 3rd quartile points ..
Different from percentage ( %) – raw score where percentile is
derived score.
PR 0 & PR 100?
a raw score lower/more than obtained in in the standard sample.
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Percentiles:
Simple to understand.
Familiar to population.
simple for computation.
Percentiles are placed on an Ordinal Scale means
it regarded as rank in group of 100
Limitation – inequality of unites
The distance between the extreme PRs is larger
than the PRs in the middle of the NDC.
Percentiles can be converted into large number
of other norms.
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Percentile
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Within-Group Norms:
Standard scores :
Increasing trend . most satisfactory derived score.
a SS is a raw score that has been converted from one scale to
another scale, where the latter scale has some arbitrarily set
Mean and SD.
Raw scores may be converted to standard scores to easily
interpret.
With a standard score, the position of a test taker’s
performance relative to other test takers is readily apparent.
SS can obtained by Linearly & Non linearly transformed
Ex -z scores, T scores, stanines, and some other standard scores.
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Standard scores :
A. Linearly transformed score –
They retain exact numerical relation of the
original raw score.
Standard score duplicate all the properties of
raw score thus all results are distortion less .
Units of the scale are equal so that they
convey the same meaning throughout the
whole range of the scale.
They removes the problem of inequality.
z scores
Simply knownhttps://www.careershodh.com/
Linearly transformed standard score
1. Standard score/ z scores –
It express the persons distance from the mean in the
terms of SD of the distribution.
zero plus or minus one scale. This is so because it has a
mean set at 0 and a SD set at 1.
z=(X-M)/SD
Limitation of Linearly transformed standard score
If one distribution is skewed and other is normally distributed
then two standard scores cant be compared
Lay people may uncomfortable with z-scores.
don't like negative numbers
uncomfortable with a z-score of 0 being average.
Ex- Swapnil got z-score of 0.
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Non Linearly transformed score
A. Non Linearly transformed score –
when the data under consideration are not normally
distributed yet need compare with normal
distributions .
Here ,the resulting SS does not necessarily have a
direct numerical relationship to the original, raw
score.
Examples
1. mental age,
2. percentile score,
3. Normalized standard score
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Non Linearly transformed score
Normalized standard score
SS which are expressed in the terms of normal
distribution
Maeshall & Hales (1972) ‘’Normalized standard score
which have been adjusted to produce a normal
frequency distribution and convert to a standard base
with pre assign Mean & SD’’.
NSS can expressed in same form of linearly transformed SS
i.e. with Mean= 0 and SD =1.
Examples
T scores ,stanines, sten ,C scores , Deviation IQ
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Normalized standard score
1. T Scores
called a fifty plus or minus ten scale; i.e, a scale
with a mean set at 50 and a standard deviation
set at 10.
Devised by W. A. McCall (1922, 1939) and named
a T score in honor of his professor E. L. Thorndike,
This system is composed of a scale that ranges
from 5 SD below the mean to 5 SD above the
mean.
T score = 50+/-10z
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Normalized standard score
Stanines Stenines=
Stenines=5+1.96Zn
3.
Standard nine.
5+1.96Zn
Distribute entire scores into 9 units
It has mean @ 5 and SD at 1.96
If researcher knows PR scores corresponding Stanines
value can be calculated.
Stanines= 5+1.96 Zn
Zn –Normalized z scores (we already calculated PR.)
+v –reasonably easy to understand .
Useful to counselor, educational psychologist , selection
& recruitment process.ad
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stanine
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Normalized standard score
Sten scores:
They are also called as Standard Ten.
After proposing 16PF Raymond Cattle
proposed the concept of Sten scores.
It distributes entire score range into 10 units.
It has mean of 5.5 and SD of 2.
If researcher knows PR scores corresponding
Stanines value can be calculated.
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Normalized standard score
5. C Scores
G.P. Guilford
11 standard units
Ranger from 0 to 10
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Normalized standard score
Deviation IQ
IQ
Not comparable for different age group IQ of
115 @ Age 10 and IQ of 125 @Age of 12
Deviation IQ is a Normalized standard score
has M=100 & SD 16 for Stanford Binet Scale
Deviation IQ is a Normalized standard score
has M=100 & SD 15 for Wheschlers
intelligence test .
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Relativity of Norms
The theory talks about how norms are
interchangeable.
It refers to the concept that if researcher knows one
experiences limitations.
For conversion of the score one should know the
Exploratory
factor
analysis
Computers
helps in
Cross cultural
studies New methods
of reliability
Easier validity
computation
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Computers & Interpretation of Test Scores
Computer scoring
Interactive computer system
System for Interactive Guideline Information (SIGI)
Major concern
1. To score comparability
2. Narration interpretation scoring
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