Electrical MACHINES

B. Sc. Electrical Engineering

LEC – 06
Equivalent Circuits &
Phasor Diagrams of Transformer

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Lecture Objectives

 Shifting of R, X & Z in Transformer

 Exact Equivalent Circuit
 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
 Phasor Diagrams at:

(i) Lagging PF Load

(ii) Unity PF Load
(iii) Leading PF Load
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Shifting of Resistance, Reactance and Impedance
• It is possible to transfer resistance, reactance and
impedance in a transformer from one winding to
other to simplify the calculations.
• When the parameters are transferred from
secondary to primary side, then the parameters
are called referred to primary side parameters
(Ro1, Xo1, Zo1) and the circuit is called referred to
primary circuit.
• When the parameters are transferred from
primary to secondary side, then the parameters
are called referred to secondary side parameters
(Ro2, Xo2, Zo2) and the circuit is called referred to
secondary circuit.

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R2 / = referred value of R2 transferred to primary side
R1 / = referred value of R1 transferred to secondary side

Copper losses of secondary side = I22 R2

Cu losses across R2 / when transferred to pri. side = I12
R2 /

Assume the copper losses across R2 and R2 / are equal.

I22 R2 = I12 R2 /
R2 / = I22 R2 / I12
E1 / E2 = N1 / N2 = I2 / I1 = a = turn ratio
E2 / E1 = N2 / N1 = I1 / I2 = K = voltage transformation ratio
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R2 / = I22 R2 / I12
Also R2 / = R2 / K2
Total resistance of the primary side = R1 + R2/
= R
RP, Total1 + a 2R
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This total resistance is called equivalent resistance of the
transformer referred to primary side and is denoted by
Ro1.
Ro1 = R1 + a2 R2
OR
Ro1 = R1 + R2 /
K2
Similarly,
Xo1 = X1 + a2 X2
Xo1 = X1 + X2 / K2
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And Zo1 =
Referred to Secondary
If R1 is transferred to secondary side, then
Copper loss of primary = I12 R1
Cu. loss across R1/ when transferred to secondary = I22 R1/
Assume copper loss across R1 and R1/ are equal.
I12 R1= I22 R1/ R1/
= I 12 R 1 / 2 I22
R1 / = R 1 / a
R1 / = K 2R
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Total resistance on secondary side = R2 + R1/
Ro2 = R2 + R1 / a2 = R2 + K2 R1
Similarly,
Xo2 = X2 + X1 / a2 = X2 + X1K2
Zo2 = √Ro22 + Xo22
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Exact Equivalent Circuit
At no-load: Primary draws a small no-load current Io.
The no-load primary current is composed of (a)
magnetizing current I m to create magnetic flux in the
core and (b) the current I w required to supply the
core losses.

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At load: When the secondary of the transformer is closed
through some external load Z L , the voltage E2 induced in
the secondary by mutual flux will produce a secondary

current I2. There will be I2R2 and I2X2 drops in the

secondary winding so that load voltage V2 will be less
than E2.

V2 = E2 – I2 (R2 + jX2)

= E2 – I2Z2

V1 = - E1 + I1 (R1 + jX1) 11
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
• When secondary parameters like R2, X2 and Z2 are
transferred to primary side, multiply them by a2 or
1 / k2 .
• When primary parameters like R1, X1 and Z1 are
transferred to secondary side, multiply them by
1 / a2 or k2.
• Secondary voltage V2 becomes a V2 in the primary
side and primary voltage V1 becomes V1 / a in the
secondary side.
• Secondary current I2 becomes I2 / a in the primary
side and primary current I1 becomes I1 a in the
secondary side.
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Approximate Equivalent Circuit
 No-load current Io is only 1 – 3 % of the
rated primary current and may be
neglected without any serious error.
 Equivalent circuit with excitation
out branch is called app. circuit.
equivalent

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Phasor Diagram at Lagging PF Load
Phasor diagram gives the graphical
representation of voltage, voltage drops, current
and phase angles in a transformer.

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• Mathematical form of this Phasor diagram is,
E2 = V2 + R eq I2 + j X eq I2
• When lagging load is connected across the
transformer, then the secondary current causes a
voltage drop I2 R2 in resistor which is in phase with
the current I2 as shown in the vector diagram. A
further voltage drop takes place when the current
passes through reactance X2. This voltage drop
will lead the current in the inductor by 90o.
• The combination of two drops I2R2 and I2X2 gives
an impedance drop I2Z2. The impedance drop is
subtracted from E2 to get the secondary terminal
voltage V2.
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• The power factor of load is given by Cos Ф 2. It is the
angle between V2 and I2 and not between E2 & I2.
• When the secondary load current flows, a
corresponding current flows in the primary winding
which is equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. The
total primary current becomes Io + I2/.
• Phasor diagram helps to determine the voltage
regulation of the transformer. As V1 > V2 in lagging load,
so the voltage regulation of a transformer must be
greater than zero.
VR = [V2, NL – V2, FL] / V2, NL
• Approximate voltage drop for inductive load is given by,
App. Voltage Drop = I2 [Ro2 Cos Ф2 + Xo2 Sin Ф2]

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Phasor Diagram at Leading PF Load
• Power factor increases in case of leading
(capacitive) load because magnetizing current is
neutralized by capacitive current required to
magnetize the cores and windings.

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• Secondary current I2 and voltage drop I2R2 are in
phase but I2 leads the voltage drop I2X2 by 90o.
• At leading power factor, secondary terminal
voltage V2 is greater than the secondary induced
voltage E2. As V2, FL > V2, NL, therefore VR becomes
negative or zero.
• Secondary current leads the voltage according to
load. More the leading load, the higher the angle
and hence greater power factor.
• The approximate voltage drop for capacitive load
is given by,
App. Voltage Drop = I2 [Ro2 Cos Ф2 - Xo2 Sin Ф2]
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