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Engineering Materials CE-107: Department of Civil Engineering Army Public College of Management & Sciences
Engineering Materials CE-107: Department of Civil Engineering Army Public College of Management & Sciences
CE-107
Department of Civil Engineering
Army Public College of Management & Sciences
Building Materials
Building stones
Bricks and clay products
Cement concrete
Timber and wood products
Metals and alloys
Paints, varnishes, distempers
Asphalt, bitumen and tar
Plastics and fibers
Glass
Insulating Materials
Miscellaneous Materials
4/21/21 CE-115 2
Miscellaneous Materials
Miscellaneous Materials
Miscellaneous Materials
– Lime
– Rubber
– Asbestos
Paving Materials
– Asphalt
– Bitumen
Insulating Materials
– Heat insulations
– Acoustics materials
– Water proofing Materials
4/21/21 CE-115 4
Lime
Lime
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Lime as cementing material, used
extensively in palaces, forts, temples,
bridges etc
Lime has better workability, plasticity,
durability and less shrinkage on drying
Slow setting may be corrected by
adding 5 to 20% cement
Lime is cheaper and locally available
4/21/21 CE-115 6
Varieties of Lime
Stone lime: Almost pure lime
obtained from limestone.
Kankar lime: Impure lime obtained
from kankars dug from underground
Shell lime: very pure lime obtained
from sea shells and corals
Magnesium lime: manufactured from
dolomite and contains more than 5%
magnesia
4/21/21 CE-115 7
Definitions
Quick lime (CaO) lime obtained after
calcinations of limestone. Also caustic
lime
Fat lime: high CaO component, sets
and hardens by absorbing CO2 from
air
Hydraulic lime: contains small
quantities of silica, alumina, iron
oxide with CaO. Sets and hardens
under water
4/21/21 CE-115 8
Definitions
Hydrated lime: quick lime sprinkled
with water turned into fine powder
Lump lime: quick lime coming out of
kilns
Milk lime: thin pour able solution of
slaked lime in water
4/21/21 CE-115 9
Classification
Lime
Pure, Rich,
Lean, Poor Hydraulic
Fat
Feebly
Fat Lime
Hydraulic
Moderately Magnesium
Hydraulic Lime
Eminently Dolomitic
Hydraulic Lime
4/21/21 CE-115 10
Classification
Pure, Rich or Fat Lime
– High CaO content (up to 93%)
– Impurities less than 5%
– Absorbs atmospheric CO2 for setting
– Slaking is vigorous and volume increases
2 to 3 times
– Slow in setting and hardening
– Used for plastering and white washing
4/21/21 CE-115 11
Classification
Poor or Lean Lime
– Impurities more than 5%
– Absorbs atmospheric CO2 for setting
– Slaking requires more time
– Makes a paste with water
– Color varies from yellow to grey
– Used for plaster and lime mortar
4/21/21 CE-115 12
Classification
Hydraulic Lime
– Sets under water also
– Feebly hydraulic lime: <15% alumina
and silica. Slow slaking with low volume
increase. Setting time is 21 days.
– Moderately hydraulic lime: 15 to 20%
alumina and silica. Slakes sluggishly
after 1 to 2 hours. Setting time is 7
days.
– Eminently hydraulic lime: 20 to 30%
alumina and silica. Slakes with difficulty.
Setting time is 2 to 48 hours.
4/21/21 CE-115 13
Questions ???
4/21/21 CE-115 14
Rubber
Rubber
Essentially an elastic material
obtained both as natural and
synthetic material
Natural rubber – present as an
emulsion in the latex (milky colloidal
fluid) and get from trunks of certain
plants.
Synthetic rubber – obtained from
petroleum, coal tar and alcohol
4/21/21 CE-115 16
Natural Rubber
Crude rubber obtained from coagulation of
latex using acetic acid, alcohol, alum or
lime
Latex may be mixed with appropriate
compounding agent and precipitated
directly from solution to shapes
Crude rubber is hard and brittle in winter
and soft and sticky in summer, so it needs
treatment to improve and modify
properties
– Compounding
– Calendaring
– vulcanizing
4/21/21 CE-115 17
Natural Rubber
Compounding – addition of certain
compounds to crude rubber
– Vulcanizing agents – sulpher reduces plasticity
while maintaining elasticity
– Plasticizers – oils, rosin, wax to soften crude
rubber
– Accelerators – white lead, lime, magnesia to
hasten process of vulcanization and reduce
sulpher requirement
– Fillers – modifies properties and reduces cost.
Special fillers are reinforcing agents
– Hardeners – provide hardness to rubber and
increase tensile strength
– Pigments – provides color to rubber
4/21/21 CE-115 18
Natural Rubber
Calendaring – operation of passing
rubber between large steel rollers at
controlled temperature and pressure
to make sheets of desired thickness
Vulcanization – treatment with
sulphur to alter properties
– 1 to 5% to make soft rubber
– 30% to make hard rubber
– 45% makes rigid rubber called ebonite
– Absorbed at 135 to 160°C
4/21/21 CE-115 19
Synthetic Rubber
Obtained from petroleum, coal tar
and alcohol
Wider range of properties than
natural rubber
Better resistance to light rays,
weather, acids, oils and greases
More popular and wider uses
4/21/21 CE-115 20
Reclaimed Rubber
Rubber waste and worn out rubber treated,
and recycled for reuse
Rubber, steel, fabric, and sulphur
separated by heating in alkali solution
Reclaimed rubber mixed with raw rubber to
cut cost
It is of uniform composition, more durable,
easily compounded, vulcanized and molded
Has low elasticity, low tensile strength and
poor resistance to friction
4/21/21 CE-115 21
Sponge Rubber
Obtained by adding sodium
bicarbonate during vulcanization
Small pores left on evaporation of
moisture
Has better heat and sound insulation
properties
4/21/21 CE-115 22
Rubber Flooring Materials
Rubber tiles in various sizes
Used to cover floors of domestic and
public buildings, cinemas, hospitals,
stores, ships, transport vehicles, etc
Topping may be plain, marbled,
ribbed or fluted
Backing may be fabric, sponge or
plain rubber
Good weather resistant, resilient and
noise reducer
4/21/21 CE-115 23
Asbestos
Asbestos
Acid proof and fire proof natural
fibrous mineral substance of different
colors found in the veins of
metamorphic rocks
A silicate of calcium and magnesium
(CaSiO3.3MgSiO3) containing small
amount of iron oxide and alumina
4/21/21 CE-115 25
Asbestos - Properties
White, grey, greenish or brown color
Fibrous and smooth in structure
Acid proof and fire proof
Can be cut into pieces and holes may be drilled
Excellent insulator of heat and electricity
Melting point from 1200 to 1550°C
In-corrodible and vermin proof
Capable of being interwoven
Specific gravity 3.1
Molecules are strongly bounded only in one
direction to give high tensile strength fibers
Can easily mix with binding materials like bitumen
and cement
4/21/21 CE-115 26
Asbestos - Products
Asbestos boards
Asbestos sheets (flat and corrugated)
Asbestos cement pipes
Asbestos paper
Asbestos paint
Asbestos fibers
Asbestos felt
Asbestos fabric
4/21/21 CE-115 27
Asbestos - Uses
Asbestos cement products
– Sheets used for roofing material
– Pipes used to convey rain and seepage water
Asbestos coated in bitumen called asbestos felt
used for damp proofing
Used as insulating material for furnaces, steam
and exhaust pipes
Asbestos dough (powdered fiber in water) used
for stopping holes and cracks in hot pipes etc
Asbestos paper, sheet and fibers used for cable
insulation, and in switches, fuse boxes
Used in manufacture of asbestos paint
Used as heat insulator for fire proof padding,
packing sheets, firemen clothes, etc
4/21/21 CE-115 28
Bitumen
Bitumen
Non-crystalline solid or viscous material,
having adhesive properties, derived from
crude petroleum either by natural or
refinery process
Substantially soluble in carbon disulphide
Brown or black in color
Usually end product from distillation
May be extracted from petroleum oils
Extensively used in road construction,
water proofing felts, filling and packing
construction joints, etc
4/21/21 CE-115 30
Bitumen
Bitumen are mainly composed of a mixture
of high-molecular hydrocarbons, methane,
nepathane and their oxygen or sulphar
derivatives.
Tar and asphalt are two varieties of
bituminous materials
Tars and bitumen condensate of
destructive distillation of coal, petroleum,
wood, etc
Asphalt is naturally occurring bitumen, a
combination of inorganic and organic
matter
4/21/21 CE-115 31
Bitumen
Bitumen implies a group of
hydrocarbons often mixed with some
organic matter
Bitumen is also known as petroleum
in the fluid state, mineral tar in the
semi-fluid state and asphalt in the
solid state
4/21/21 CE-115 32
Bitumen
Blown bitumen – air blown into it under
high pressure and temperature to alter
properties
Cut back bitumen – viscosity reduced by
adding volatile dilutents of petroleum and
coal tar
– Rapid curing (RC)
– Medium curing (MC)
– Slow curing (SC)
Bitumen emulsion – bitumen finely divided
and suspended in aqueous medium
Straight run bitumen – distilled to a definite
4/21/21
viscosity without
CE-115
further treatment 33
Bitumen - properties
Characteristically solid or semi-solid
Black and sticky
Melts or softens when heated
Specific gravity is 1.09
Completely soluble in carbon disulphide
Acts as binder in all types of asphalts
Possesses great chemical stability
4/21/21 CE-115 34
Sampling of Bitumen
Top Sample – Center at 1/6 depth below
top surface
Middle Sample – at mid depth
Lower Sample – at 5/6 depth
Average Sample – average of three equal
parts obtained as top, middle, lower
samples
Composite Sample - mixture of
representative samples from various
containers in proportion to contents
4/21/21 CE-115 35
Testing of Bitumen
Penetration test – measure of hardness or
consistency as vertical distance traveled by
a standard needle entering the material
under specified conditions of standard
load, time and temperature
Flash point test – lowest temperature at
which the vapor of a substance can be
ignited in air by a flame under specified
conditions
Fire point test – lowest temperature at
which the material gets ignited and burns
under specified condition
4/21/21 CE-115 36
Asphalt
Asphalt
Natural or mechanical mixture in which
bitumen is associated with mineral matter
Natural asphalt
– Lake asphalt – obtained from lakes at Trinidad
and Bermudez at 60m depth. Contains 70%
pure bitumen
– Rock asphalt – natural asphalt impregnated in
limestone rocks found in Europe. Contains 4 to
20% pure bitumen
Petroleum or residual asphalt
– Artificial asphalt obtained by fractional
distillation of crude petroleum oils
4/21/21 CE-115 38
Asphalt
Cut back asphalt – liquid asphalt dissolved in
volatile solvent, so it could be applied at room
temperature – used for road construction
Mastic asphalt – heating natural asphalt with sand
and mineral fillers to make voidless impermeable
mass – used for damp proofing, water proofing
Asphaltic cement – oxidizing asphalt by blowing
air through melted asphalt at high temperature –
used for roofing, flooring, etc
Asphaltic emulsion – mixing asphalt with 50 to
60% water and 1% emulsifying agent – water
proofing layers in cold conditions
4/21/21 CE-115 39
Asphalt
Constituents
– Asphaltenes – chemical compound
– Resins – enhances binding properties
– Oil – to impart viscosity
4/21/21 CE-115 40
Asphalt - properties
Sticky, adhesive, binds strongly
Adheres perfectly to wood, stone, concrete and
metal
Solid or semi-solid in state
Black brownish in color
Water proof
Durable and retains properties for years
Elastic. Becomes plastic when heated
Binding properties when softened by heat
Not seriously affected by weather
Good conductor of heat, sound, electricity
Ductile, can be stretched without breaking
Soluble in varying degrees in carbon disulphide
4/21/21 CE-115 41
Asphalt - Uses
Damp proof course
Water repellent layer over flat roofs,
arches, basements
Lining of walls of tanks, pools
Paint preparation
Asphalt mortar and concrete for road
paving
Flooring material
Electrical insulation
4/21/21 CE-115 42
Heat Insulating Materials
Insulating Materials
The materials which control
transmission of heat and cold and
offer resistance to reflection and
transmission of sound and electricity
are known as insulating material
Classification of Insulating Materials
– Heat/thermal insulation
– Sound insulation
– Electrical insulation
4/21/21 CE-115 44
Insulating Materials
The function of a thermal or heat insulator
is to resist the flow of heat through its
body, both ways
The heat may not be allowed to enter or
escape from a system
These materials are generally porous and
their properties are governed by the nature
of their pores, their distribution, size and
whether the pores are open or closed
The materials with a great number of fine,
closed and air filled pores are the best heat
insulating materials
4/21/21 CE-115 45
Requirement of Heat Insulating
Materials
Thermal stability
Chemical stability
Physical stability
Low thermal conductivity
Resistance to moisture
Low specific heat
Low specific gravity
Odorless
Resistance to vibration and shock
Non-inflammability
Economical in initial cost
4/21/21 CE-115 46
Organic Heat Insulators
Wool and Cattle hair
Grass
Cotton wool
Cork
Silk
Wood, pulp and saw dust
Sugarcane fiber
Paper, cardboard, etc
4/21/21 CE-115 47
Inorganic Heat Insulators
Air
Slag wool
Mineral wool
Glass wool
Aluminum foil
Diatomaceous earth
Charcoal
Wood ashes
Gypsum powder
Asbestos
4/21/21 CE-115 48
Acoustic Materials
Sound Insulating Materials
The materials which offer resistance
to reflection and transmission of
sound waves are called sound
insulating materials
The sound absorbent materials can
be incorporated in building structures
either in compressed state, free state
or in suspended state
4/21/21 CE-115 50
Requirements of Sound
Insulating Materials
Absorb noise to the desired extent
Could be cleaned, washed and painted
Resistant to attacks of vermin, insects,
termite or dry rot
Fire resistant
Be able to withstand weathering effects
Lighter so be able to handle and fix easily
Economical in initial cost
Pleasant appearance in finished form
4/21/21 CE-115 51
Classification of Sound
Insulating Materials
Soft materials
– Asbestos, rock-wool, glass, silk, felt
– Sufficient porosity
– Good sound absorbers
Semi hard materials
– Mineral wool, cane fibers
– Stiff enough to stand rough handling
– Can also serve as building panels
Hard materials
– Porous masonry tiles
– Hard materials made porous during
manufacture
– Can also serve as protective surfaces
4/21/21 CE-115 52
Common Types of Sound
Insulating Materials
Acoustic plaster
– Made from mineral perlite
– Also called fibrous plaster
– Absorption coefficient 0.30 to 500
cycles/sec
Acoustic pulp
– Made from asbestos or cellulose fibers
– Becomes plastic on addition of water for
application on walls and ceilings
– Can also serve as building panels
4/21/21 CE-115 53
Common Types of Sound
Insulating Materials
Acoustic boards or tiles
– Made from compressed cane, wood fiber or
mineral wool
– Pre-finished at factory and may be painted
– Can be perforated or otherwise
Quilts and mats
– Attached on one or both sides of non-metallic
flexible material like paper, muslin cloth, etc to
make glass fiber blanket and mats
– Used in broadcasting, television and film
studios
4/21/21 CE-115 54
Water Proofing Materials