Measures to

Reduce Air
Pollution

Group 7
ChE – 3201

Pitel, Margie
Plaza, Kyla Marie
Rallos, Sophia Lourdes
Ramos, John Emmanuel
 Consumption Energy

Scaling up the use of energy efficient appliances and lighting

reduces the demand for electricity generation, and therefore reduces
air pollution. Mandatory building standards and retrofits that reduce the
energy consumption within buildings can also greatly reduce the need for
power generation. Similarly, improvements in the efficiency of industrial
sites can lead to significant reductions in emissions from fossil fuel based
power generation (including at the level of industrial facilities).
Reference: Air Quality – Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency – Analysis - IEA

Reference: 130,482 Laundry Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos from Dreamstime
 Afforestation and
Reforestation

Reforestation is the process of planting trees in a forest

where the number of trees has been decreasing.

Afforestation is when new trees are planted or seeds are

sown in an area where there were no trees before, creating a
new forest.

The world’s forests absorb a third of global

emissions every year. Particles, odors and pollutant
gases such as nitrogen oxides, ammonia and sulfur
dioxide settle on the leaves of a tree. Trees absorb
these toxic chemicals through their stomata, or ‘pores’,
effectively filtering these chemicals from the air. Trees
also mitigate the greenhouse gas effect by trapping
heat, reduce ground-level ozone levels and release life-
giving oxygen. If we continue with our current rate of
deforestation, it will have severe consequences on the
quality of our air.
 Ban on Hazardous
Compounds
Humans can be exposed to harmful chemicals through a number
of ways, from the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe
and our work environments. For each pathway, there are regulatory
tools to mitigate that exposure, and workers can be kept safe through
the application of proper safety regulations. In many developing
countries, these regulations are still missing, as are the means to
enforce them. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 71%

of unintentional poisonings could be prevented through
better chemical safety. In different sectors, the actions that
can be taken vary, but all center on better regulating, when
still appropriate, chemicals and pollution. Among which:

By Reducing or removing exposure to chemicals such as from ambient air

pollution, household air pollution (in particular from coke stove), second-
hand smoke, and lead, over one third of ischemic heart disease and about
42% of stroke could be prevented;
Smoking bans. In various European and North American countries the reduction
of exposure to second-hand smoke have had a positive impact on health; 
Further control of industrial emissions in many countries, through changing the
way industries deal with dust and dusty environments and the use of
protective measures by workers, all measures having had a positive effect on
the health of workers;
The materials used in construction, the way cities are thought out in terms of
transportation, the way water supplies are managed, can improve the health
of the general population;  
Transition from current energy sources to more healhty ones – whether fossil
fuel, coal or biomass based –, which are environmentally unsustainable,
have negative health consequences. 

Reducing the impact of hazardous chemicals on public heal

th: what is known and what can be done to reduce it? (gree
nfacts.org)
 Flue Gas Desulfurization

Flue gas desulfurization is the process by

which sulfur dioxide is removed from flue gases. Many
different industrial processes such as burning fossil
fuels, refining gasoline, or manufacturing steel, glass,
and cement all produce sulfur dioxide as a byproduct.

Flue gas
desulfurization is the
process by which sulfur
dioxide is removed from
flue gases. Many different
industrial processes such as
burning fossil fuels, refining
gasoline, or manufacturing
steel, glass, and cement all
produce sulfur dioxide as a
byproduct.
 Flue Gas Denitrification

Denitrification before combustion is to reduce the

nitrogen content of the fuel or to use a low-nitrogen fuel
to reduce the amount of production.

Denitrification in combustion refers to reducing the

amount of production in the boiler by improving the
combustion mode and production process during the
combustion process, that is, low combustion
technology.

Denitrification after combustion refers to the

treatment of flue gas generated after combustion, that
is, the denitration device is installed at the tail of the
flue, and the method of reducing or adsorbing in the
flue gas is also called flue gas denitration technology.
End–of-pipe–add–on pollution
control mechanism

Reducing air pollution exposure is largely a

technical issue. Technologies to reduce pollution at its
source are plentiful, as are technologies that reduce
pollution by filtering it away from the emission source
(end-of-pipe solutions; see, for example, Gwilliam,
Kojima, and Johnson 2004). Getting these technologies
applied in practice requires government or corporate
policies that guide technical decision making in the
right direction. Such policies could involve outright
bans (such as requiring lead-free gasoline or asbestos-
free vehicle brake linings or building materials);
guidance on desirable technologies (for example,
providing best-practice manuals); or economic
instruments that make using more polluting
technologies more expensive than using less polluting
technologies (an example of the polluter pays
principle).
End–of-pipe–add–on pollution
control mechanism

End-of-pipe technologies are measures deployed to

decrease or eliminate the emission of substances
into the atmosphere that can harm human health or
the environment. The term “end-of-pipe solution”
describes a pollution control approach that
remediates contaminated flows of air just before
the effluent can enter the environment. These
technologies were first applied when the Clean Air
Act was initiated in the 1960s. In the ensuing
decades, they have been continually updated to
keep pace with increasingly strict environmental
regulations, such as those mandated by the BACT
(Best Available Control Technology) standard of
the Clean Air Act. BACT requires the producers of
airborne emissions to take all practical steps to
prevent the release of pollutants, taking into
consideration energy consumption, environmental
impacts, and economic costs.
Absorption

In the context of air pollution

control, absorption involves the transfer
of a gaseous pollutant from the air into a
contacting liquid, such as water. The
liquid must be able either to serve as a
solvent for the pollutant or to capture it
by means of a chemical reaction.

Adsorption

In adsorption, gaseous pollutants

are removed from an air stream by
transferring the pollutants to the solid
surface of an adsorbent. Activated
carbon is the most commonly used
adsorbent, although zeolites, polymers,
and other adsorbents may be used.
 Condensation
Condensation is a process used heavily throughout industry
to convert a gas or vapor to liquid. Any gas can be reduced to a
liquid by sufficiently lowering the temperature (or increasing the
pressure). Common examples can include distillation of various
hydrocarbons in refining operations and drying of air. Condensation
can be used to remove a pollutant from a gas stream if the dew
point of the pollutant is higher than the carrier gas (or non-pollutant
gas).
 Incineration: Direct
Combustion

The process called incineration or combustion—

chemically, rapid oxidation—can be used to convert VOCs
and other gaseous hydrocarbon pollutants to carbon dioxide
and water. Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes
usually is accomplished in a special incinerator called an
afterburner. In some cases, the heat that is generated
by incineration can be used to generate electric power.
 Catalytic Incinerator

In a catalytic incinerator, the gas stream is

introduced into a mixing chamber where it is also heated.
The waste gas usually passes through a recuperative heat
exchanger where it is preheated by post combustion gas.
The heated gas then passes through the catalyst bed.

The gases, flue gases are first treated for eradication

of pollutants before going in to atmosphere. Among waste-
to-energy technologies, incineration stands
taller. ... Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from
95 to 96 percent. This reduction depends upon the
recovery degree and composition of materials.
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 Resources

https://www.nestecinc.com/news/end-of-pipe-control/

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v129y2019icp122
7-1239.html

https://www.cpilink.com/blog/air-pollution-control-tec
hnology-review-condensation

http://www.wrfound.org.uk/articles/incineration.html

https://www.iea.org/reports/multiple-benefits-of-energ
y-efficiency/air-quality