Cell Structure

& Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
 Leeuwenhoek

• made a simple microscope (mid 1600’s)

• magnified 270X
• Early microscope lenses made images larger but
the image was not clear
 Leeuwenhoek's microscope

A) a screw for adjusting the

height of the object being
examined
B) a metal plate serving as the
body
C) a skewer to impale the
object and rotate it
D) the lens itself, which was
spherical
 MODERN MICROSCOPES

• A microscope is simple or compound depending on

how many lenses it contains
• A lens makes an enlarged image & directs light
towards you eye
 CELL THEORY (mid-1600s)
1. The basic unit of life is the cell. (Hooke)
• In 1665, an English scientist
named Robert Hooke made
an improved microscope and
viewed thin slices of cork
viewing plant cell walls
• Hooke named what he saw
"cells"
 CELL THEORY (1839)
2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells.
• Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants)
• Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying
animals) stated that all living things were
made of cells

Schwann

Schleiden
 CELL THEORY (50 yrs. later)
3. All cells divide & come from old cells. (Virchow)

Virchow
 Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is

capable of performing life
functions.
 Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Cell Size
 Cells Have Large Surface
Area (S.S. 6)-to-Volume Ratio (S.S.S)
 Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
 Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
 Prokaryotes:
1 – 10 um in diameter
Eukaryotes: 10-100 uM in diameter

1/10th of the distance

between the smallest
divisions on a metric ruler

Plant cell: 100 um diameter

PERBEDAAN SEL PROKARIOTIK DAN EUKARIOTIK
ORGANEL PROKARIOT EUKARIOT
Inti sel Tanpa membran: nukleoid Bermembran:nukleus
Ribosom Pada sitoplasma Pada Sitoplasma
dan RE
RE Tidak ada Ada
Badan Golgi Tidak ada Ada
Mitokondria Tidak ada Ada
Lisosom Tidak ada Ada pd Hewan
Sentriol Tidak ada Ada pd Hewan
DNA Bentuk cincin pd Bentuk spiral
sitoplasma ganda, pd inti sel,
mitokondria dan
khloroplas
 “Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Representative Plant Cell
 KOMPONEN UTAMA SEL

• MEMBRAN PLASMA (PLASMALEMMA)

• NUKLEUS
• SITOPLASMA

 MEMBRAN PLASMA
SEBAGAI
PELINDUNG SEL
PENGATUR BENTUK SEL
PENGATUR TRANSPORTASI ZAT (OKSIGEN, NUTRIEN)

 NUKLEUS
SEBAGAI
PUSAT SELURUH KEGIATAN SEL

 SITOPLASMA
TERDIRI ATAS
CAIRAN SEL (SITOSOL / HIALOPLASMA) BERSIFAT KOLOID
ORGAN SEL (ORGANEL: BENTUK DAN FUNGSI
TERSPESIALISASI)
Surrounding the Cell
 Cell Membrane

• Outer membrane of cell

that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer of
phospholipids &
proteins, KH

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 “Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
 Cell membrane
• All living things are surrounded by a membrane.
 A cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane.

 Controls
exchange of materials such as nutrients and
waste between cells and their environment.

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell

membranes and Transport
 Cell Membranes from Opposing
Neurons (TEM x436,740).

Nerve cell Gap between cells

Cell membrane { } cell membrane

7nm wide

Nerve cell

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 28

membranes and Transport
 Cell membranes are made of
PHOSPHOLIPIDs
• HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking)
-Attracted to the water
• called POLAR

• HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing)

-Not attracted to the water
• called NON-POLAR

A Phospholipid

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 29

membranes and Transport
 A Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipids can form:

BILAYERS
-2 layers of phospholipids
with
hydrophobic tails
protected inside by the
hydrophilic heads.

The PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER is the basic
structure of membranes.

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell

membranes and Transport
AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 31
membranes and Transport
Diagram representing the cell membrane
Remember the membrane is 7nm wide

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 32

membranes and Transport
Cell Membranes from Opposing
Neurons (TEM x436,740).

} Phospholipid Bilayer
7nm wide

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 33

membranes and Transport
Movement of selected molecules
across the cell membrane

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 34

membranes and Transport
 Transport through cell
membranes
• TRANSPOR PASIF --- tdk m’butuhkan energi

1. DIFFUSION and FACILITATED DIFFUSION

2. OSMOSIS

• TRANSPORT AKTIF ------ m’butuhkan energi

1. ENDOSITOSIS

2. EKSOSITOSIS

AS Biology, Cell membranes and

Transport
Diffusion of liquids

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 36

Transport
• Diffusion is the net movement of molecules (or
ions) from a region of their high concentration to
a region of their lower concentration.

DIFUSI ;
PERPINDAHAN MOLEKUL/ION DARI
KONSENTRASI TINGGI KE KONSENTRASI
RENDAH SAMPAI MENUJU KESEIMBANGAN

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 37

Transport
 DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used
to make the molecules move, they have a natural kinetic energy.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 38

Transport
Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 39

Transport
Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Inside cell Outside cell

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 40

Transport
Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 41

Transport
 Molecules that diffuse through cell
membranes
1. Oxygen – Non-polar
so diffuses very
quickly.

2. Carbon dioxide –
Polar but very small
so diffuses quickly.

3. Water – Polar but

also very small so
diffuses quickly.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 42

Transport
 Facilitated diffusion
• Large polar molecules such as
glucose and amino acids, cannot
diffuse across the phospholipid
bilayer. Also ions such as Na+ or
Cl- cannot pass.

• These molecules pass through

protein channels instead.
Diffusion through these
channels is called
FACILITATED DIFFUSION.

• Movement of molecules is still

PASSIVE just like ordinary
diffusion, the only difference is,
the molecules go through a
protein channel instead of
passing between the
phospholipids.
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 43
Transport
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 44
Transport
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 45

Transport
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 46

Transport
Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 47
Transport
Facilitated Diffusion:
Molecules will randomly move through the opening like pore, by
diffusion. This requires no energy, it is a PASSIVE process.
Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low conc.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 48

Transport
Facilitated diffusion

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 49

Transport
 Osmosis
‘The diffusion of water from an area of high
concentration of water molecules (high water
potential) to an area of low concentration of water
(low water potential) across a partially permeable
membrane.’

OSMOSIS ;
PERPINDAHAN PELARUT (EX; AIR) DARI
KONSENTRASI PELARUT YG TINGGI
(HIPOTONIK) KE PELARUT YG KONSENTRASI
LEBIH RENDAH (HIPERTONIK)
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 50
Transport
 Osmosis
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
DILUTE SOLUTION
Cell membrane
partially
Sugar molecule permeable.

VERY Low conc.

of water
molecules. High
water potential.

VERY High conc. Outside cell

Inside cell
of water
molecules. High
water potential.
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 51
Transport
 Osmosis

Cell membrane
partially
permeable.

Low conc. of
water molecules.
High water
OSMOSIS potential.

High conc. of
Inside cell Outside cell
water molecules.
High water
potential.
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 52
Transport
 Osmosis

Cell membrane
partially
permeable.

OSMOSIS

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side.

Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net
movement of water
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 53
Transport
HIPOTONIK HIPERTONIK
(HEMOLISIS) (KRENASI)

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 54

Transport
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 55
Transport
AS Biology, Cell membranes and 56
Transport
Turgid (Hipotonik) Plasmolisis (Hipertonik)

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 57

Transport
 Cell Membrane - Function - Endocytosis
The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too large to fit through the
pores in the membrane proteins this process is known as endocytosis. In this process the
membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell. In this

animation an ameba engulfs a food particle.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and 58

Transport
• Moving amoeba

AS Biology. Foundation. Cell 59

membranes and Transport
 Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
 Nucleus

• Directs cell activities

• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html