UNIT-VIII

Communication of research findings

PREPARED BY: Mr. Gireesh G.R

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• At the end of class the learner will be able to

a) Understand types of scientific misconduct

b) Elaborate on various ways of communication of
research findings
c) Recall strategies for communication of research
findings
d) understand preparation of research report
e) Recall steps involved in preparation of abstract and
poster
 INTRODUCTION

• Nursing is concerned about the quality of its research

generated knowledge base.
• A research project is really not completed unless the
findings have been communicated to others. (Rose
Marie Nieswiadomy, 2008)
• Failure to communicate study findings is a form of
scientific misconduct. (Winslow, 1996).
 Research misconduct
• On the process of communicating research,
the investigator involves such practices as
fabrication, falsification, plagiarisms or other
practices. (ORI, 2003, 42 CFR section 50.102)
 Types of scientific
Misconduct
1. Fabrication
Making up data or results
2. Falsification
Manipulation research by changing or omitting data
3.Plagiarism
Stealing intellectual property or taking credit for other individual’s work
a. Plagiarism of ideas
Using another person’s ideas, without giving appropriate credit
b. Plagiarism of text
Using another person’s words without giving appropriate credit
 Contd….
4. Without citing the source –verbatim copying
Using text or any materials of others without
acknowledging the source
5. Paraphragiarism
Using the text of others with a few changes or mixing
the other’s texts without acknowledging the source(s)
6. With citing the source -Verbatim copying
Using the text of others with citing the origin but
without using quotation marks
 Contd….
7. Inappropriate paraphrasing
Using texts of others while citing the origin but only
with minor changes in the words or structure
8. Copyright infringement
Using a large part of others’ words (in quotation marks)
that violates the copyright
9.Self plagiarism
a. Duplication publication
Publication of paper or results in more than one journal
 Contd….
b. Salami publication
• Publication of each part of the results of one
study in several papers.
c. Practice of text recycling
Using one’s own text in several different papers
as the copyright is reserved.
 Communication of research
findings
• Research not published is research not done
• The goal of research is to generate sound
scientific knowledge and disseminate its
findings for evidence-based practice
• Communication of research findings is the
last formal step in the research process, but it
is the most important phase of research – the
utilization of research findings.
 Ways of communication
Two major ways of communication of research
findings

Oral
Written
 Strategies for communicating
research findings
NURSES PRESENTATIONS
1. Nursing research conferences
2. Clinical practice conferences and meetings
3. Videotaped and audio taped presentations
from conferences and meetings.
4. In-service education programs
5. Agency-based research committee & journal
club.
 Contd….
Written reports
• Research publication in professional journals
• Research publications in books
• Monographs from research and clinical
conferences and meetings
• Theses and dissertations
• Nursing research newsletter
• Outlets on the internet
 Contd…..
HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS:
Presentations
• Professional conferences and meetings in other
disciplines
• Interdisciplinary team meetings
Written reports
• Research publications in professional journals and
books in other disciplines.
• Interdisciplinary research newsletter
 Contd…
POLICY MAKERS:
Presentations-
• Presentations on health problems to state and federal
legislators
Written reports-
• Research reports developed for legislators
• Research reports published by funding agencies
• Electronic databases (WHO, GOI..)
• Agency for health care policy and research (AHCPR)
clinical practice guidelines.
 Contd…
• HEALTH CARE CONSUMERS:
Presentations-
– television and radio
– community meetings
– patient and family teaching
Written reports-
• Newspaper
• News and popular magazines,
• Electronic databases
 Preparing a research report
• Research report is a written or oral summary
of a study.
Research report should contain 4 sections
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
 Preparing a research report
Introduction chapter should contain

»Research problem
»Significance of the problem
»The context in which the problem is
selected to study.
 Preparing a research report
“Method section” should contain detailed description of the
research methods
“Result Section” should contain statistical analyses are
summarised in Tables and Graphs.
“Discussion Section” should contain:
• Main Findings
• Interpretation findings and inferences
• Evidences to support the findings if not justification
for the findings
• Comparison of results with prior knowledge on the
topic
• Conclusion, implications and recommendations
 Preparing an abstract
• An abstract is the summary of a study that the
researcher wishes to present at a conference.
 Preparing an abstract
Abstract should contain
Purpose, research questions or hypothesis,
design, methodology, main findings, and
conclusions (with limited words)
 Oral presentation or paper
presentation
• The word “paper” is used because of the report
of the study has been written out on paper.
• Co-author may also present the paper
• Paper gets published in conference
proceedings.
• 15-30 mts is usually allotted to present
• Research process is presented
chronologically. Some may present findings
first.
 Contd…
• Review of literature is not usually discussed in
detail.
• Conference organizers distribute evaluation
sheets and the audience rate.
 Presenting a research poster
Posters should contain –
• Problem statement
• Hypothesis
• Distribution of sample
• Methods
• Findings and Conclusion (Diagrams, graphs and
tables are used to present findings).
 Publishing a journal article
Traditional journals, on-line journals.
• Ethical integrity is essential to writing and
publications.
• Readers want assurance that information &
knowledge are accurate & trustworthy.
 Contd…
Journal article contains
• Introduction
• Review of literature
• Methods
• Findings and discussion
• Style and format varies between journals
• Pick up target journal and follow its format
 Types of Journals
Journals of two types:
• Referred journals: subject experts evaluate
manuscript (peer review)
• Non referred journals: Editorial staff review
manuscript
 Methods of review
• Open review : Author sees the reviewer’s
comments
• Blind review: Reviewers are not aware of
the author’s identity
Applied nursing research sends manuscripts to two
teams of reviewers.
Each team consists of clinician and a
researcher/academician.
Individual reports later made as a joint
report
 Reasons for manuscript rejection
• Poorly written
• The content is not comprehensive
• There are inaccuracies in the content
• Not appropriate for the particular journal
 Reasons for manuscript rejection
• Journal has recently published a similar article
• Poorly developed idea, term paper style,
methodology problems, content
undocumented, content not important,
clinically not applicable, statistical problems,
data interpretation problems and too technical
(Swanson et al. 1991)
 Preparing Thesis & Dissertation
Thesis & Dissertation are means of
communication to fulfill educational
requirements.

Purposes: Communicating research

findings & the students ability to perform
scholarly work.
 Preparing Thesis & Dissertation
• Theses are concerned with testing existing
theory.

• Dissertations focus on refining existing

theories or generating new theories.
 Characteristics of communicating
research report
Conciseness
• It saves the reader’s time
Clarity
• It helps the reader to understand the points being made
Honesty
• Necessary to maintain the respect of the leader
Completeness
• Enables the reader to evaluate the study
Accuracy
• Being free of error
 References
• Research reports give a list of references cited
in the text, using a reference style of either
Vancouver, Campbell or APA.

• Software programs to facilitate the

preparation of reference lists (Eg. End Note,
Procite, Reference Manager, Format Ease)
 Contd…
• The Vancouver style, or Uniform Requirements style, is
based on a standard basis adapted by the National
Library of Medicine (NLM). For database such as
Medline.

• It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of

medical journals who now meet annually as the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
(ICMJE). Over 500 medical journals use this style.

• It is a numeric citation system.

 Conclusion
• As nurses, we need to maintain high standards
of scholarly work and stress the importance of
integrity in the dissemination of knowledge.
 EVALUATION

Question
1 . Explain in details various methods involved in
communication of research findings
2. Explain in steps involved in preparation of
research abstract
THANK YOU