4 -1

CHAPTER

Activity-Based
Costing
 4 -2

Objectives
Objectives
1. Discuss the importance
After of unit
studying this costs.
After studying this
2. Describe functional-based
chapter, you costing
should
chapter, you should
approaches. be
be able
able to:
to:
3. Explain why functional-based costing
approaches may produce distorted costs.
4. Explain how an activity-based costing system
works for product costing.
continued
continued
 4 -3

Objectives
Objectives
5. Provide a detailed description of how
activities can be grouped into homogeneous
sets to reduce the number of activity rates.
6. Describe activity-based customer and
supplier costing.
 4 -4
Unit
Unit cost
cost isis the
the total
total cost
cost
associated
associated with
with thethe units
units
produced
produced divided
divided by by the
the
number
number ofof units
units produced.
produced.

Unit cost is used for--

Inventory valuation
Income determination
Providing input to a
variety of decisions
such as pricing, make or
buy, and accept or
reject special orders
 4 -5

Product
Product cost
cost isis often
often defined
defined asas the
the
sum
sumofof direct
direct materials,
materials, direct
direct labor,
labor,
and
and manufacturing
manufacturing overhead.
overhead. This
This
definition
definition isis required
requiredfor
for external
external
financial
financial reporting.
reporting.
 4 -6

Cost
Cost measurement
measurement consists
consists of
of
determining
determining the
the dollar
dollar amounts
amounts of of
direct
direct materials,
materials, direct
direct labor,
labor, and
and
overhead
overhead used
used inin production.
production.
 4 -7

The
The process
process of
of associating
associating
the
the costs,
costs, once
once measured,
measured,
with
with the
the units
units produced
produced isis
called
called cost
cost assignment.
assignment.
 4 -8

Measurement
Measurement Systems
Systems
Two possible measurement systems are
actual costing and normal costing.
Actual costing assigns the actual costs
of direct materials, direct labor, and
overhead to products.
Normal costing assigns the actual
costs of direct materials and direct
labor to products; however, overhead
cots are assigned to products using
predetermined rates.
 The
The Need
Need for
for aa
Next
Page
4 -9
Click
Here

Predetermined
Predetermined Overhead
Overhead Rate
Rate
Actual overhead for the period is not
known until the end of the period.

$
Using a predetermined rate
makes it possible to
estimate total job costs sooner.
 4 -10

Measurement
Measurement Systems
Systems
AA predetermined
predetermined
overhead
overhead rate
rate isis aa rate
rate
based
based on
on estimated
estimated data. data.

Budgeted (estimated) cost

Estimated activity usage
 4 -11

Units
(of
driver) Theoretical
Practical
Expected actual

Normal

Time
 4 -12

Examples
Examples of
of Unit-Level
Unit-Level Drivers
Drivers

Units produced
Direct material dollars
Direct labor dollars
Machine-hours
Direct labor hours
 4 -13

Functional-Based
Functional-Based Costing:
Costing: Plantwide
Plantwide Rate
Rate

Overhead Costs

Assign Costs Direct Tracing

Plantwide Pool Stage One: Pool Formation

Assign Costs Unit-Level Driver

Products Stage Two: Costs Assigned

 4 -14

Belring, Inc.
Belring, Inc. produces two telephones: a cordless and a
regular model. The company has the following actual and
budgeted data:

Budgeted overhead $360,000

Expected activity (DLH) 100,000
Actual activity (DLH) 100,000
Actual overhead $380,000
 4 -15
Belring, Inc. (continued)

Cordless Regular
Units produced 10,000 100,000
Prime costs $78,000 $738,000
Direct labor hours 10,000 90,000
 4 -16

Belring, Inc.
Predetermined Overhead Budgeted (estimated) cost
Rate =
Estimated activity usage
Predetermined $360,000
Overhead Rate =
100,000 DLH
Predetermined
Overhead Rate = $3.60 per DLH
 4 -17
The
The total
total overhead
overhead
assigned
assigned toto actual
actual
production
production isis called
called
applied
applied overhead.
overhead.

Overhead rate
Applied
= x
overhead
Actual activity
output
 4 -18

Belring, Inc.
Applied
= Overhead rate x Actual activity output
overhead

= $3.60 x 100,000 DLH

= $360,000
 4 -19
Per-Unit Cost
Belring, Inc.
Cordless Regular
Prime costs $ 78,000 $ 738,000
Overhead costs:
$3.60 x 10,000 36,000 ---
$3.60 x 90,000 --- 324,000
Total manufacturing costs $114,000 $1,062,000
Units produced  10,000  100,000
Unit cost $ 11.40 $ 10.62
 4 -20
Functional-Based
Functional-Based Costing
Costing Department
Department Rates
Rates
Overhead Costs

Allocation
Direct Tracing
Assign Costs Driver Tracing

Stage One: Pool

Department A Pool Formation Department B Pool

Assign Costs Unit-Level Drivers Assign Costs

Stage Two: Costs

Products Assigned
Products
 Departmental
Departmental Data
Data
4 -21

Belring, Inc.
Fabrication Assembly
Budgeted overhead $252,000 $108,000
Expected and actual usage (dlh):
Cordless 7,000 3,000
Regular 13,000 77,000
20,000 80,000
Expected and actual usage (mh.):
Cordless 4,000 1,000
Regular 36,000 9,000
40,000 10,000
 4 -22
Belring, Inc. – Departmental Rates
Overhead Rates:
Fabrication Rate = Budgeted OH / Expected MH
= $252,000/40,000
= $6.30 per MH

Assembly Rate = Budgeted OH / Expected DLH

= $108,000/80,000
= $1.35 per DLH
 4 -23

Belring, Inc.
Per-Unit
Per-Unit Cost:
Cost: Departmental
Departmental Rates
Rates

Cordless Regular
Prime costs $ 78,000 $ 738,000
Overhead costs:
($6.30 x 4,000) + ($1.35 x 3,000) 29,250 ---
($6.30 x 36,000) + (1.35 x 77,000) --- 330,750
Total manufacturing costs $107,250 $1,068,750
Units produced  10,000  100,000
Unit cost $ 10.73 $ 10.69
 4 -24

Belring, Inc.
Applied
= ($6.30 x actual mh) + ($1.35 x actual dlh)
overhead

= ($6.30 x 40,000) + ($1.35 x 80,000)

= $252,000 + $108,000

= $360,000
 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING 4 -25

ENVIRONMENT

Global competition
High-technology
Automation/Computerized
High Overhead - Low Direct
labor costs
Product diversity
Complexity in production
process
 4 -26

Symptoms
Symptoms ofof an
an Outdated
Outdated
Functional
Functional Cost
Cost System
System
1. The outcome of bids is difficult to explain.
2. Competitors’ prices appear unrealistically low.
3. Products that are difficult to produce show high
profits.
4. Operational managers want to drop products that
appear profitable.
5. Profit margins are difficult to explain.
Continued
Continued
 4 -27

Symptoms
Symptoms ofof an
an Outdated
Outdated
Functional
Functional Cost
Cost System
System
6. The company has a highly profitable niche all to
itself.
7. Customers do not complain about price increases.
8. The accounting department spends a lot of time
supplying cost data for special projects.
9. Some departments are using their own accounting
system.
10. Product costs change because of changes in
financial reporting regulations.
 4 -28

Non-unit
Non-unit activity
activity drivers
drivers are
are
factors
factors that
that measure
measure the
the
consumption
consumption of of non-unit
non-unit
activities
activities by
by products
products and
and other
other
cost
cost objects.
objects.
 4 -29

Product
Product diversity
diversity means
means that
that the
the
products
products consume
consume overhead
overhead activities
activities
in
in systematically
systematically different
different proportions.
proportions.
 4 -30
Designing of an ABC System

Steps for Implementing ABC

1. Identify and define activities and activity cost
pools.
2. Trace costs to activities and cost objects.
3. Assign costs to activity cost pools.
4. Calculate activity rates.
5. Assign costs to cost objects.
Identify and Define Activities and Activity 4 -31

Cost Pools
Unit-Level Batch-Level
Activity Activity

A part of the production

process for which management
wants a separate reporting of the
costs of the activity involved.

Product-Level Customer-Level
Activity Organization- Activity
sustaining
Activity
Identify and Define Activities and Activity 4 -32

Cost Pools
The following activity cost pools and activity measures:

Activity Cost Pools at Classic Brass

Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure
Customer orders Number of customer orders
Product design Number of product designs
Order size Machine-hours
Customer relations Number of active customers
Other Not applicable
Identify and Define Activities and Activity
4 -33

Cost Pools

Activity Cost Pool is a

“bucket” in which costs $$
are accumulated that $
relate to a single activity $ $
measure in the ABC $
system.
 4 -34

ABC: Two-Stage Assignment

Cost of Resources

Driver Driver
Assign Costs
Tracing Tracing

Activities

Driver
Assign Costs
Tracing

Products
 4 -35

Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing
Product-Costing Data
Data
Cordless Regular Total
Units produced per year 10,000 100,000 110,000
Prime costs $78,000 $738,000 $816,000
Direct labor hours 10,000 90,000 100,000
Machine hours 5,000 45,000 50,000
Production runs 20 10 30
Number of moves 60 30 90

Activity
Activity Usage
Usage
Measures
Measures
 4 -36

Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing
Product-Costing Data
Data
Activity Activity Cost

Setups $120,000
Material handling 60,000
Machining 100,000
Testing 80,000
Total $360,000

Overhead Activities
 4 -37

Belring, Inc.
Product
Product Diversity:
Diversity: Consumption
Consumption Ratios
Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
a 20/30 (cordless) and 10/30 (regular)
 4 -38

Belring, Inc.
Product
Product Diversity:
Diversity: Consumption
Consumption Ratios
Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
b 60/90 (cordless) and 30/90 (regular)
 4 -39

Belring, Inc.
Product
Product Diversity:
Diversity: Consumption
Consumption Ratios
Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
c 5,000/50,000 (cordless) and 45,000/50,000 (regular)
 4 -40

Belring, Inc.
Product
Product Diversity:
Diversity: Consumption
Consumption Ratios
Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
d 10,000/100,000 (cordless) and 90,000/100,000 (regular)
 4 -41

Belring, Inc.
Activity
Activity Rates
Rates
Setup rate: $120,000/30 =$4,000 per run
Material-handling
rate: $60,000/90 = $666.67 per move
Machining rate: $100,000/50,000 = $2 per MH
Testing rate: $80,000/100,000 = $0.80 per DLH
 4 -42

Belring, Inc.
Activity
Activity Rates
Rates
Cordless
$4,000 Regular
$4,000
Prime costs $ 78,000
x
$667 $ 738,000
x
$667
Overhead costs: 20
x 10
x
$2 $2
Setups 60
x
80,000 30
x
40,000
$0.80 $0.80
Material handling 5,000
x
40,000 45,000
x
20,000
10,000 90,000
Machining 10,000 90,000
Testing 8,000 72,000
Total manufacturing costs $216,000 $ 960,000
Units produced  10,000  100,000
Unit cost (total costs/units) $ 21.60 $ 9.60
 FIRST-STAGE PROCEDURE: 4 -43

ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING- Pool Rate

Batch-level Pool rate:

Setup = $120,000
Material handling = $ 60,000
Total costs = $180,000
Pool-rate = $180,000 / 30 = $ 6,000 per run

Unit-level Pool rate

Machining = $100,000
Testing = $ 80,000
Total costs =$180,000
Pool rate = $180,000 / 50,000 = $ 3.60 per MH
 UNIT-COST COMPUTATION: 4 -44

ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING -Pool rate

Cordless Regular
Prime Costs $ 78,000 $738,000
Overhead Costs:

Batch-Level pool:
($6,000 x 20) 120,000
($6,000 x 10) 60,000
Unit Level pool:
($3.60 x 5,000) 18,000
($3.60 x 45,000) _______ 162,000
Total manufacturing costs $216,000 $960,000
Unit of production 10,000 100,000
Unit cost $ 21.60 $ 9.60
 4 -45

Belring, Inc.
Comparison
Comparison of
of Unit
Unit Costs
Costs
Cordless Regular
Plantwide rate $11.40$10.62
Departmental rate 10.7310.69
Activity rate 21.609.60
Pool rate 21.609.60
 4 -46

A
A secondary
secondary activity
activity isis
AA primary
primary activity
activity isis
one
one that
that isis consumed
consumed by
by
one that
oneother is
that is consumed
consumed by
by
primary
other primary and
and
aa product or customer.
product oractivities.
customer.
secondary
secondary activities.
 4 -47

Resource
Resource drivers
drivers are
are
factors
factors that
that measure
measure the
the
consumption
consumption of of
resources
resources by
by activities.
activities.
 4 -48

Classification
Classification of
of Activities
Activities

Unit-level activities are those that are performed each

time a unit is produced.
Examples: Power and machine hours are used
each time a unit is produced. Direct
materials and direct labor activities are
also unit-level activities, even though
they are not overhead costs.
 4 -49

Classification
Classification of
of Activities
Activities

Batch-level activities are those that are performed

each time a batch of products is produced.
Examples: Setups, inspections, production
scheduling, and material handling.
 4 -50

Classification
Classification of
of Activities
Activities
Product-level (sustaining) activities are those that are
performed as needed to support the various products
produced by a company. These activities consume inputs
that develop products or allow products to be produced and
sold.
Examples: Engineering changes, process engineering, and
expediting.
 4 -51

Classification
Classification of
of Activities
Activities

Facility-level activities are those that sustain a

factory's general manufacturing processes.
Examples: Plant management, landscaping,
maintenance, security, property
taxes, and plant depreciation.
 4 -52

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

Activit
y Level
Filter

Unit Level Batch Level Product Level Facility Level

Driver Driver Driver

Filter Filter Filter

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Set 5 Set 6 Set 7

 4 -53

Customer
Costing versus
Product Costing
 4 -54

Example
Example
Large Customer Ten Smaller Customers
(50% of sales) (50% of sales)

Units purchased 500,000 500,000

Orders placed 2 200
Number of sales calls 10 210
Manufacturing cost $3,000,000 $3,000,000
Order-filling costs
allocated $202,000 $202,000
Sales-force costs
allocated $110,000 $110,000
 4 -55

Example
Example

The purchasing manager uses two suppliers,

Murray Inc. and Plata Associates, as the source of
two machine parts: Part A1 and Part B2.

Activity Costs
Repairing products $800,000
Expending products 200,000
 4 -56

Example
Example
Murray Inc. Plata Associates
Part A 1 Part B2 Part A 1 Part B2
Unit purchase price $20 $52 $24 $56
Units purchased 80,000 40,000 10,000 10,000
Failed units 1,600 380 10 10
Late shipments 60 40 0 0

Repair rate = $800,000 ÷ 2,000 = $400 per failed part

Expediting rate = $200,000 ÷ 100 = $2,000 per late
(1,600 + 380 + 10 + 10)
delivery
60 + 40
 4 -57

Example
Example
Murray Inc. Plata Associates
Part A 1 Part B2 Part A 1 Part B2
Purchase cost $1,600,000 $2,080,000 $240,000 $560,000
Repairing products 640,000 152,000 4,000 4,000
Expediting products 120,000 80,000
Total costs $2,360,000 $2,312,000 $244,000 $564,000
Units ÷ 80,000 ÷ 40,000 ÷ 10,000 ÷ 10,000
Total unit cost $ 29.50 $ 57.80 $ 24.40 $ 56.40
TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIANNYA
4 -58

TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIANNYA

ROVILA EL MAGHVIROH
 4 -59

Chapter Four

The
The End
End