Chapter one

Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical Component Phasors

The unbalanced three phase system can be
transformed into three balanced phasors.
 Negative Sequence
 Positive Sequence
 Zero Sequence

1
2
3
Positive Phase Sequence (ABC)
Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time

4
 Positive Phase Sequence

• The positive sequence quantities have a-b-c,

counter clock-wise, phase rotation

Vc1

Va1
Vb1
5
 Reverse Phase Sequence (ACB)

Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time

6
 Negative Phase Sequence

• Each have the same magnitude.

• Each negative sequence voltage or current
quantity is displaced 120° from one another
Vb2

Va2
Vc2
7
 Con…
• The negative sequence quantities have a-c-b,
counter clock-wise, phase rotation

Vb2

Va2
Vc2
8
 Zero Phase Sequence

Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time

9
 Zero Phase Sequence

 Each zero sequence

quantity has the same Vc0
magnitude.
 All three phasors with Vb0
no angular displacement Va0
between them, all in
phase.

10
 Symmetrical Components Equations

Each phase quantity is equal to the sum of its

symmetrical phasors.
Va = Va0 + Va1 +Va2
Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 +Vb2
Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 +Vc2
The common form of the equations are written
in a-phase terms.
11
 B-Phase Zero Sequence

• We
  replace the Vb sequence
terms by Va sequence terms
shifted by the a operator. Vc0

Vb0
• =
Va0

12
 B-Phase Positive Sequence

• We replace the Vb sequence

terms by Va sequence terms Vc1
shifted by the a operator
Vb1 = a2Va1 Va1
Vb1

13
 B-Phase Negative Sequence

• We replace the Vb sequence

terms by Va sequence terms Vb2
shifted by the a operator
Vb2 = aVa2
Va2
Vc2

14
 C-Phase Positive Sequence

• We replace the Vc sequence terms by Va

sequence terms shifted by the a operator
Vc1 = aVa1

15
 Con…
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2

Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2

16
 Symmetrical Components Analysis Equations

Va0 = 1/3 ( Va + Vb + Vc)

Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)

Va2= 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc)

17
18
Solution:

19
20
 Faults in a power system

 Faults in power system can be divided in to two:

•   Symmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults
 Symmetrical faults: the fault which gives rise to symmetrical fault currents(i.e
equal faults currents with displacement ) is called a symmetrical fault.
 Example: when all the three conductors of a 3-phase line are brought together
simultaneously into a short circuit conditions.
 Unsymmetrical faults: those faults which give rise to unsymmetrical currents(i.e.
unequal line currents with unequal displacement) are called unsymmetrical faults.
 Single line –to-ground fault
 Line-line fault
 Double line-to-ground fault

21
22
Power system faults

23
24
Sequence Impedances of loaded Generator

 Asynchronous machine generates balanced three‐phase

internal voltages and is represented as a positive‐
sequence set of phasors.
25
 Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator

 Can be represent by the three phase equivalent sequence

network

 The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence

network as 3Zn

26
 Single Line‐To‐Ground Fault

• Three‐phase generator with neutral grounded through

impedance Zn and SLGF occurs at phase at through
impedance Zf.

 Assuming the generator is initially on no‐load.

27
• The boundary conditions at the fault point are:

28
29