STEPS OF

CALCULATION
 Parameters definition

Lignin Reduction Definition Carbohydrate

Degradation

q Rate order λ

Ea Active energy Em

m Hydroxide ion Order x

n Oxygen solubility order β

A Frequency factor Am

- Intrinsic viscosity

Kappa number -
 Determining Rate Order Make chart of time vs y
value

  7.73 ; t=20 minutes

Trial q
y=0.00002815
y=kt
k=0.00001407Obtain y and k value

(  𝐾1 ) − ( 𝐾1 )=𝑘 ( 𝑞 − 1 ) 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞 ≠ 1
𝑞−1 𝑞 −1
0
q
2
R2
0.9194
2.5 0.9422
1− 𝑞
  𝐾 − 𝐾 10 −𝑞 3 0.9612 Choose q with the highest
𝑦= =kt , q ≠1 4 0.9865
(𝑞 −1) R2 value
5 0.9954
5.3 0.9949
k 
5.5 0.9942
4.3 0.9991

(Dogan,
2004).
Determining Ea Determining m

●  
− 𝐸𝑎
𝑘  =𝑘 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝
( )
𝑅𝑇 ●  
 ln
 where constant but concentration and oxygen
Where the value of oxygen pressure and
pressure vary. The Ea value was obtained from
temperature is constant. The m value is obtained
slope ln k vs 1/T. Ea = 24762 joule from slope of ln k vs ln [OH]. m= 0.5682

(Dogan,
2004).
Determining n Determining
A

ln ( 𝑘 )= ln ( 𝑘 4 ) +𝑛 ln ⌈ 𝑃𝑂 2 ⌉
  After find out the value of Ea, m, and n, the value of A
𝐸𝑎
𝑘  4= 𝐴 exp −[ 𝑅𝑇 ]
[𝑂𝐻 ]
𝑚 can be obtained. The value A can be conducted from
the exponent of A that provide from intercept of lnk
Where the temperature value and NaOH vs –E/RT+mLn[Oh]+nLn[PO2]. A = 33.11
concentration vary. The slope value of lnk vs ln[O 2]
is defined for n value. n = 1.4942

(Dogan,
2004) 5
Prediction on Oxygen Delignification by
%NaOH variations

1 ( 𝑞 −1 1 )
  ( 𝑡 )=
𝐾
[( )
𝑞 −1
𝐾0
+ 𝐾 𝑞 ( 𝑞 −1 ) 𝑡
] 𝑞≠1
Prediction on Carbohydrate degradation with %NaOH
variations

η
 
 Result
Lignin Decrease
Reference [OH-] PO2 Kappa Active Frequency
exponent exponent Number Energy Factor
(m) (n) exponent (q) (kJ/mol)

Pine [8] 0.47 0.47 3.5 47 2.5

Pine [9] 0.7 0.7 2.0 51 3 x 106

This study 0.568 1.494 2.675 24.979 33.11

(Abaca
fiber)

Carbohydrate Degradation
Reference [OH-] PO2 Viskositas Active Frequency
exponent exponen exponent Energy Factor
(x) t (β) (λ) (kJ/mol)

0.43 0.35 11 30.23 8.75x10-8

Eucalyptus
0.315 1.087 8 33.25 2.5x10-18
This study
 The Best Conditions
 Pressure 2 bar & Temperature
Alkali Charge [%] 1 2 3 4 5
Heating time [min] 56.6 38.2 30.3 25.7 22.7
Viscosity [ml/g] 878.52 888.18 893.52 897.14 899.68

The time required (retention time) for

 NaOH 2 % & Suhu
delignification is 50-60 minutes (Ji, 2007).
Oxygen [bar] 2 3 4 5

The minimum viscosity value for pulp Heating time [min] 38.2 20.8 13.5 9.7
according to polymerization degree Viscosity [ml/g] 888.18 896.6 902.18 906.03
standards is 846 ml / g (ISO 5351: 2012).
Pressure
Pressure 22 bar
bar && NaOH
NaOH 2%
2%
Temperature
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
[oC]

Heating time
48 44.9 41.6 38.2 34.8 31.4 28
[min]

Viscosity 896.4 890.7 888.1 885.7 881.6

893.5 883.6
[ml/g] 1 6 8 6 324
Conclusion
• The decrease in lignin content can be predicted by knowing the values of kinetics
parameters, which are q, m, n, EA, and A for predicting kappa number.

• The degradation of carbohydrates can be predicted by knowing the values of λ ,

x, β, Em, and Am for predicting viscosity value.

• Based on the prediction results, the best process conditions for oxygen
delignification of Abaca fiber (Musa textilis) are at a pressure of 2 bar,
temperature of 85°C and 1% of NaOH for 56.6 minutes with a viscosity of 878.52
ml/g.

27
 References
Ardina, V. (2018). Pengaruh Active Alkali Charge Terhadap Delignifikasi Dan Degradasi Fiber Pada Proses. Thesis. Institute
Technology Sepuluh Nopember.
Bajpai, P. 2012. Oxygen Delignification Environmentally Benign Approaches for Pulp Bleaching. Elsevier. Belanda.
Darmawan, Arya, (2020). Studi Pembuatan Pulp Dari Bahan Non-Wood Menggunakan Metode Kraft Pulping Dengan
Delignifikasi Oksigen. Thesis. Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember.
Dogan, Ismail. 2004. Mass Transfer and Kinetics in Oxygen Delignification. Turki.
Vijayalakshmi, K. dan Kavitha, A. 2014. Abaca Fibre. Transactions on Engineering and Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 09..
Ji, Yun. 2007. Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Delignification. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 227
Jafari V, Nieminen K, Sixta H and Van Heiningen A 2015 Cellulose, 22 2055.
Iribarne J and Schroeder LR 1997 Tappi J. 80 241.
Thank You