unit 7 Marine Animals

without back bone

SLO

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SLO :D
 At the end of this unit students should be
able to :
 Describe marine organisms and their

adaptations

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Marine animals without backbone
 Most species of multicellular organisms inhabiting our
planet are animals
 They can not make their own food
 The marine animals are classified into two major

groups,
the vertebrates : which have a backbone and
invertebrates: animals without backbone.
Most of the invertebrates are marine

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Classification of invertebrates
 1. sponges
 2.cnidarians ( radial symmetry)
 3. bilaterally symmetrical worms
 4. molluscs
 5. arthropods
 6. Lopophorates
 7. Echinoderms

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1. Sponges

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Tubular sponge from Caribbean 6
Sponges
 Sponges are best described as aggregations
of specialized cells
 Cells are independent of each other and do

not form true tissues or organs

 All are marine and live permanently attached

to bottom or some hard surface

 They show amazing variety of shapes , sizes

and colors

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 They have simple body plan with numerous
tiny pores on the surface which allows water
to enter and circulate through a series of
canals which filter out planktons and organic
matter
 This is then eaten
 Because of this spongy body they are called

pore bearers.

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Structure of sponges
 They are consist of complex aggregation of
cells that carry out specific functions
 Collar cells trap food particles
 Water is pumped into a large chamber

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Feeding in sponges
 Suspension feeding : They feed on
particulates or organic matter suspended in
water

 Deposit feeding:
Feeding on organic particulate matter settle at
the bottom

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Fertilization
A sexual :
Many sponges reproduce asexually
Branches or buds break off and grow into
separate sponges identical to original

Sexual reproduction:
Special collar cells develop into gametes
The gametes are large , nutrient rich eggs and
sperms are small with flagellum

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 Sexual reproduction

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 Sperms are released into water and combines
with eggs which are inside the body
 On fertilization planktonic larva is formed
 This larva is carried by water current, settles

down and grow into adult

 Video on sponges from Jonathan

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8a0oN
sDEx8&vl=en

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2) CNIDARIANS (Radial symmetry)
 These includes sea anemones, jelly fishes and
corals
 They show radial symmetry means similar parts
of the body are arranged and repeated around a
central axis
 Cnidarians exist in two basic forms , a polyp ( a
sack like ) it is a stage with the mouth and
tentacles oriented,
 And a bell like medusa which is an upside down
polyp, adopted for swimming or either polyp or
medusa

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Types of cnidarians
Cnidarians
scyphozoans
Hydrozoans or sea jellies
 A) Hydrozoans : they are feathery or bushy

colonies of tiny polyps

 They attached to shells, seaweeds, and other

surfaces
 They are consist of

Feathery, or bushy colonies

Of tiny polyps

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Life cycle of hydrozoans
 The reproductive polyps produce small
medusa, are planktonic which release
gametes into water. The eggs develop into
free swimming larva

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B. Scyphozoans ( jelly fishes)
 b) Scyphozoans: the large jelly fishes or sea
jellies , common in all oceans and they are
different from tiny hydrozoans medusa

 They exist as medusa, bell shape body and

they swim with rhythmic contractions of the
bell
 Exotic jelly fishes NG video

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https
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJUuotjE3u8

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJBXGdvUN
EA
 They are not good swimmers so easily carried
by the water currents
 Some of them can sting swimmers which are

painful and sometimes fatal video

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Portuguese man of war
 It consist of
 Specialized

Polyps, one of
them forms a gas
filled float, they
Can sting
Swimmers.
Portuguese man
of
War on NG

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Feeding and behavior
 They are carnivores means eat other animals
 They have sticky thread or spines to catch

prey
 They digest the food ingested
 They lack brain but they have specialized

nerve cells

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBdCpca
pB0s

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Comb Jellies
 Comb jellies are exclusively marine group of
180 species
 Their body is radially symmetrical and gelatinous
 Four rows of Cilliary combs
 are visible
 They eat fish larvae and
 other plankton
 Neon killer worlds weirdest
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39qe0EajbI
A

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C)Anthozoans
 Anthozoans are colonial polyps that lack
medusa stage
 Examples are, sea anemones and corals.

Sea anemones are anthozoans with large

polyps
 They eat small

organic waste

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Corals
 Corals includes various groups of colonial
anthozoans
 Many of them have calcium carbonate

skeletons
 They often forms coral reefs

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4) Bilaterally symmetrical worms
 These animals crawl or swim in one direction
 They are bilaterally symmetrical body means if
we cut the body into two parts then both the
halves are identical.
 There are many types of worms,
 A) flat worms :
 Flat worms are bilaterally symmetrical
invertebrates typically flattened in appearance
 Flat worm penis fencing on NG
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3xluIRh
1Y
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Flat worms
 They have true organs and organ systems
 There are 30,000 species
 Most are free living carnivorous
 Some lives inside intestine or on surface of

oyster or crabs

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Ribbon worms

 They look like flatworms, but their digestive

system is complete, mouth and anus.

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Ribbon worms
They are long,
 They are marine and are found in almost all

oceans, but common in shallow temperate

waters.
 They entangle their prey

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 C) Arrow worms:
 They are marine

 The body is transparent fish like in

adaptation to living as plankton

 They are carnivorous
 They eat eggs and
 Larvae of fishes

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Segmented worms
 Segmented worms have body consisting of
similar segments
 They have band of cilia around the body.
 They have circulatory system, to transport

nutrients, oxygen and

carbon dioxide

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5) Molluscs (soft body)
 Snail, octopus , squids and oysters are
molluscs
 There are more species of molluscs in the

ocean than any of other animals

 They exhibit diversity in structures and

habits.
 They occupy all marine environment

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 Most of them have soft body covered by a
mantle which is a thin layer of tissue
 Unsegmented body has bilateral symmetry
 They have head that includes eyes
 There are teeth called radula to scrap algae

from rocks

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Types of molluscs
 1. gastropods: example snails
 2. bivalves: oysters
 3. cephalopods: octopuses and squids

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1. Gastropods: Snails

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 Gastropods: Snails

 giant keyhole limpet Snail

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 They come in all shapes, color and habitats
 Their body is covered with shell
 There is a muscular foot used in location
 They scrap algae from rocks using the tooth
called radula
 They prey on oyster, worms and even small
fishes

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2.Bivalves
 They include oyster,
 clams

And Mussels
 Their body is Compressed
 and enclosed

in a shell with wo parts

 They are Swallowed by
 Food lovers

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 Pearl oyster are source of
 valuable pearls

 Pearls are formed when

 oyster secrets layer of calcium carbonate and

protein to coat irritating particles

 Cultured pearls are obtained by carefully

inserting a tiny particle into the mantle

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m07Ov
PEoR6g

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Cultured pearls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=901Y9Rrkuu
k

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3)Cephalopods: include octopuses,
squids , cuttle fishes etc.

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Cephalopods
 They are predators (hunters)
 They are active swimmers
 All are marine
 The body is elongated in squids and rounded

in octopuses

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 the foot is modified into arms and tentacles
with suckers
 Eyes are on the sides of head
 Water enter through the free edge of mantle

and leaves through funnel

 They swim by forcing water out of mantle

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squids

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 The body of squids are covered with mantle
and hey are better swimmers than octopuses
 They can remain motionless or can move

backward and forward

 It has eight arms and two tentacles all with

suckers
 They throw ink to escape from enemy

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Octopuses(Molluscs - Reef Life of the Andaman - Part 14
video)

Molluscs - Reef Life of the Andaman - Part

14

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octopuses
 Octopuses have eight long arms and lack
shell
 They are hunters of crab, lobster and shrimps
 They bite their prey with beak like jaws
 they can camouflage
 they also emit dark fluid

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Feeding and digestion in molluscs
 They have separate mouth and anus
 Snails have radula to cut sea weeds

 Bivalves ingest food particles

 All of them are carnivorous ( eat organisms)

Reproduction:
 They have separate sexes
 Fertilization is internal and sperms are

transferred by male by arms to female

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6) Arthropods: crabs, lobsters
shrimps
 Sea arthropods are crustaceans
 They have segmented bilaterally symmetrical

body
 They adopt all types of environments
 They have two pairs of antenna, gills and a

calcified outer skeleton

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Small crustaceans
Small crustaceans are found every where: in
the planktons, at the bottom, among
sediments , on animals and among the sea
weeds.
 amphipods crawl among sea weeds. They

are recognized by a body which is curved and

flattened.

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 Creatures of the Deep Ocean National
Geographic Documentary

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Shrimps and lobsters
Shrimp prawn

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 They are scavengers , as they like to feed on
detritus ( debris or rubbish )on the bottom

 They have laterally compressed body

 They remove parasites and trim skin of fish

 Many colourful shrimps particularly in tropics live

on the surface of other invertebrates

 Ghost and mud shrimps burrow in muddy bottoms

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American lobster

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 Lobsters such as American or marine
lobsters are nocturnal and hide during the
day in rocks and corals
 They are scavengers and crush molluscs and

sea urchins
 Crustaceans - Reef Life of the Andaman -

Part 13

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HERMIT CRABS
 Hermit crabs: they are not true crabs and are
scavengers
 They hide their soft abdomen in the empty

shell
 Some cover themselves with sea anemones or

sponges for added protection

 Hermit crab housing chain - Life Story:

Episode 3 preview - BBC One

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Hermit crabs

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CRABS
 Crabs : In true crab the abdomen is small and
tucked under the compact and broad
cephalothoraxes.
 The abdomen is visible as flat V shaped in

males and u shaped in females for carrying

eggs
 Fig:

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Crabs
 They are highly mobile
 Most are scavenger but some have special

diets such as sea weeds and organic matter in

mud
 Many crabs live along rocky shores or sandy

beaches

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Feeding and digestion in crustaceans
 Filter feeding is common
 They have appendages which can pierce and

suck in
 Food is digested in stomach
 Crustaceans have well developed sensory

organs
 They have compound eyes ( 14000 light

sensitive units)
 They use variety of signals to communicate

with each other

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Reproduction
 The sexes are separate in most crustaceans
 Male uses specialized appendage to transfer

sperms directly to female

 Female can store sperms for long periods and

use it to fertilize separate batches of eggs

 The eggs hatch into planktonic larvae

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 The other marine arthropods are horse shoe
crabs, sea spiders.
 They superficially resembles true spiders
 Horse shoe crabs mate in massive beach

video
Horse shoe crab spider

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7. Echinoderms ( five way symmetry)
 Sea stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers make
up the echinoderms
 They are symmetrical like cnidarians
 They have symmetry based on 5 parts
 They lack head
 They have unique water vascular system
 They have two surfaces, oral where mouth is

located and aboral has anus

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Echinoderms ( five way symmetry)
i)Star fish

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Sea Star
 They have complete digestive track
 They have endoskeleton
 They have net work of water vascular canals
 Tube feet are extension of the canals

 Types of echinoderms: i)star fishes or sea

stars
 They have 5 arms which are not flexible
 Sea Stars on Jonathan blue world video

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 ii)Sea urchins : they have round shell like
endoskeleton
 They have movable spines which help in

locomotion
 They eat attached or drifting sea weeds and

sea grasses
 They can eat sponges
 Common in rocky shores

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Sea urchin

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 Sea urchin

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iii)Sea cucumber

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Sea cucumber
 They do have spine and radial symmetry
 The body is elongated their endoskeleton is

consist of calcarius spicules

 They picked up deposit organic matter from

the bottom so they are deposit feeders

 Shape of life :echinoderms –the ultimate

animals video
 World’sweirdest sea cucumber fights

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Feeding and digestion Echinoderms
 Their digestive system is simple

 Most star fishes are carnivorous

 Many feed by extending part of their stomach

inside out through the mouth

 The guts of sea urchins and sea cucumbers is

long and coiled

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Reproduction in echinoderms
 They have separate sexes
 They shade sperms or eggs directly in the

water
 The fertilized eggs developed into planktonic

larvae
 They have ability to regrow

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revision
 Invertebrates
 Sponges anthozoans or sea anemons
 Cnidarians hydrozoans
scyphozoans or jelly fishes
 Comb jellies
 Bilaterally symmetrical worms flat worms
ribbon
arrow
segmented

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 Molluscs Gastropods( snails)
 Bivalves ( oyster, clams or
muscles )
 cephalopods( octopuses,
squids, cuttlefishes )
Arthropods crustaceans ( crabs, lobster,
shrimps
Echinoderms sea stars, sea urchins and
sea cucumbers
 https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWQs8h3ZsK8
 Red sea night dive by Jonathan Blue world

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