R O C K S A N D T H E

RO C K C Y C LE
ORTE R: JA NNA C EL EST E
REP
WHAT IS ROCK?
A ROCK IS A SOLID MADE UP OF A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT MINERALS. ROCKS ARE
GENERALLY NOT UNIFORM OR MADE UP OF EXACT STRUCTURES THAT CAN BE
DESCRIBED BY SCIENTIFIC FORMULAS. SCIENTISTS GENERALLY CLASSIFY
ROCKS BY HOW THEY WERE MADE OR FORM
 TYPE OF ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS

PETROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF ROCKS
PETROLOGIST- A PERSON (GEOLOGIST) WHO SPECIALIZES
IN PETROLOGY.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE FORMED BY VOLCANOES. WHEN A VOLCANO
ERUPTS, IT SPEWS OUT HOT MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA OR LAVA.
EVENTUALLY THE MAGMA WILL COOL DOWN AND HARDEN, EITHER WHEN
IT REACHES THE EARTH'S SURFACE OR SOMEWHERE WITHIN THE CRUST.
THIS HARDENED MAGMA OR LAVA IS CALLED IGNEOUS ROCK. 
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
•EXTRUSIVE ROCKS ARE FORMED ON THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH FROM LAVA, WHICH
IS MAGMA THAT HAS EMERGED FROM
UNDERGROUND. 
•INTRUSIVE ROCKS ARE FORMED FROM
MAGMA THAT COOLS AND SOLIDIFIES
WITHIN THE CRUST OF THE PLANET.
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON COMPOSITION
FELSIC- LIGHT- COLORED, FELDSPAR,SILICATE
MAFIC- DARK IN COLOR, MADE UP OF MAGNESIUM
AND IRON
INTERMEDIATE- BETWEEN MAFIC AND FELSIC
ULTRAMAFIC- VERY DARK COLORED
BASED ON TEXTURE
•APHANISTIC- FINE GRAINED
•PHANERITIC- COARSE GRAINED
•PARAPHYRITIC-LARGE CRYSTALS WITH
SMALL CRYSTALS
•GLASSY- NON-ORDERED SOLID QUENCHING
•PYROCLASTIC- COMPOSITE OF EJECTED
FRAGMENTS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
•SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE FORMED BY YEARS AND YEARS OF
SEDIMENT COMPACTING TOGETHER AND BECOMING HARD.
GENERALLY, SOMETHING LIKE A STREAM OR RIVER WILL CARRY LOTS
OF SMALL PIECES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TO A LARGER BODY OF
WATER. THESE PIECES WILL SETTLE AT THE BOTTOM AND OVER A
REALLY LONG TIME (PERHAPS MILLIONS OF YEARS), THEY WILL FORM
INTO SOLID ROCK. 
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• CLASTIC- THIS TYPE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED
FROM ACCUMULATION OF CLAST: LITTLE PIECES OF ROCKS
AND SHELLS.
• CHEMICAL- FORMED WHEN DISSOLVED MINERALS
PRECIPITATE FROM A SOLUTION
• ORGANIC- FORMED FROM THE ACCUMULATION OF
MATERIALS FROM LIVING THINGS OR PRODUCT OF LIVING
THINGS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
•METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE FORMED BY PRE-
EXISTING ROCKS; THE ROCKS HAVE BEEN
MODIFIED BY GREAT HEAT AND PRESSURE.
THEY ARE GENERALLY FOUND INSIDE THE
EARTH'S CRUST WHERE THERE IS ENOUGH
HEAT AND PRESSURE TO FORM THE ROCKS.
METAMORPHISM- CHANGE OF MINERALS OR
GEOLOGIC TEXTURE IN PRE-EXISTING ROCKS
(PROTOLITHS) WITHOUT THE PROTOLITH MELTING
INTO LIQUID MAGMA (SOLID-STATE CHANGE)
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
REGIONAL- HAPPENS
OVER LARGE REGION
OF THE CRUST WHERE
HIGH TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE IS
PRESENT.
•CONTACT- HAPPENS ON
LAYER OF ROCKS
HAVING CONTACT WITH
HEAT (MAGMA).
ROCK CYCLE
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT ROCKS:
• THE WORD "IGNEOUS" COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD "IGNIS" WHICH MEANS "OF
FIRE."

• ORES ARE ROCKS THAT INCLUDE MINERALS THAT HAVE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS SUCH
AS METALS LIKE GOLD AND SILVER.

• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM LAYERS AT THE BOTTOMS OF OCEANS AND LAKES.

• MARBLE IS A METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMED WHEN LIMESTONE IS EXPOSED TO HIGH
HEAT AND PRESSURE WITHIN THE EARTH.

• LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE CALLED STRATA

QUIZ
•1. DIFFERENTIATE THE THREE TYPES OF
ROCKS. (10POINTS)
•2. EXPLAIN THE ROCK CYCLE. (10POINTS)
SOURCES:
• HTTPS://WWW.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.ORG/ENCYCLOPEDIA/ROCK-CYCLE/
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DBZ7J6-KNUG&T=1082S
THANK YOU!