SCI802:

ICT and Research

Methodology

Lecture 6:
Using MS Excel for Research -II
Prof Tanko Ishaya
University of Jos
 Research Process - Re-cap
Research Problem Identification and Definition

Theory / Practice

Hypotheses / Conceptualization

Research Design

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Findings
2
 Overview
Purpose of Data Analysis
Introduction to Excel
Arranging data in Excel
Cleaning data in Excel
Validating data entry in Excel
Basic formulae
Cutting and pasting with functions and formulae
If commands
Basic statistics commands
Some quick short-cut keys
Graphs and integrating with power-point
3
 Data Analysis
You are to concisely and accurately display
the results of your study.
Your data analysis section should give any
reader an idea of the results of your study
at a glance.
Your data analysis section in a research
project should match and display the
answers to your research questions

4
 Proportion
=COUNT
=COUNTIF
DIVIDE COUNTIF BY COUNT
=D3/D2

5
Proportion _ Examples

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Proportion _ Examples

7
 Frequency Distributions
There are alternative ways of
constructing frequency distributions
COUNTIF function
HISTOGRAM function

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Frequency Distribution - Examples

9
Frequency Distribution - Examples

=COUNTIF(A6:A134,1)
=D4/D9*100

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Frequency Distribution - Examples

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Frequency Distribution - Examples

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Frequency Distribution - Examples

13
 Histogram Function
Tools -Data Analysis-Histogram

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Histogram Function

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Histogram Function

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Histogram Function

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The Descriptive Statistics Function
SEVERAL ROWS OF DATA ARE
HIDDEN
SEVERAL ROWS OF DATA ARE HIDDEN
 Correlation

Correlation: The degree of relationship between the

variables under consideration is measure through the
correlation analysis.

 The measure of correlation called the correlation

coefficient .
 The degree of relationship is expressed by coefficient which
range from correlation ( -1 ≤ r ≥ +1)
 The direction of change is indicated by a sign.
 The correlation analysis enable us to have an idea about the
degree & direction of the relationship between the two
variables under study.
 Correlation
Correlation is a statistical tool that
helps to measure and analyze the
degree of relationship between two
variables.
Correlation analysis deals with the
association between two or more
variables.
 Types of Correlation
Type I

Correlation

Positive Correlation Negative Correlation

 Types of Correlation Type I
Positive Correlation: The correlation is
said to be positive correlation if the values of
two variables changing with same direction.
Ex. Pub. Exp. & sales, Height & weight.
Negative Correlation: The correlation is
said to be negative correlation when the
values of variables change with opposite
direction.
Ex. Price & qty. demanded.
 Direction of the Correlation
Positive relationship – Variables change in
the same direction.
As X is increasing, Y is increasing
Indicated by
As X is decreasing, Y is decreasing sign; (+) or (-).
E.g., As height increases, so does weight.
Negative relationship – Variables change
in opposite directions.
As X is increasing, Y is decreasing
As X is decreasing, Y is increasing
E.g., As TV time increases, grades decrease
 More examples

 Positive  Negative
relationships relationships:
water consumption alcohol consumption
and temperature. and driving ability.
study time and Price & quantity
grades. demanded
 A perfect positive correlation

Weight
Weight
of B
Weight A linear
of A
relationship

Height
Height Height
of A of B
High Degree of positive correlation

Positive relationship
r = +.80

Weight

Height
 Degree of correlation
Moderate Positive Correlation

r = + 0.4
Shoe
Size

Weight
 Degree of correlation
Perfect Negative Correlation

r = -1.0
TV
watching
per
week

Exam score
 Degree of correlation
Moderate Negative Correlation
r = -.80
TV
watching
per
week

Exam score
 Degree of correlation
Weak negative Correlation

Shoe
r = - 0.2
Size

Weight
 Degree of correlation
No Correlation (horizontal line)

r = 0.0
IQ

Height
 Degree of correlation (r)
r = +.80 r = +.60

r = +.40 r = +.20
 Correlation Coefficient, r = .75

Correlation: Player Salary and Ticket

Price

30
20 Change in Ticket
10 Price
0 Change in
-10 Player Salary
-20
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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 Regression Analysis
 Regression analysis is a tool for building statistical models that
characterize relationships among a dependent variable and one
or more independent variables, all of which are numerical.

Types of regression

 Simple linear regression involves a single independent variable.

 Multiple regression involves two or more independent variables.

 Purpose of Regression Analysis
 The purpose of regression analysis is to analyze
relationships among variables.
 The analysis is carried out through the estimation of a
relationship and the results serve the following two
purposes:
1. Answer the question of how much y changes with changes
in each of the x's (x1, x2,...,xk),
 Y is the dependent variable
2. Forecast or predict the value of y based on the values of the
X's
 X is the independent variable
 Simple Linear Regression

Finds a linear relationship between:

- one independent variable X and
- one dependent variable Y
First prepare a scatter plot to verify the
data has a linear trend.
Use alternative approaches if the data is
not linear.

Figure 9.1

9-52
 Multiple Linear Regression
Multiple Regression has more than one independent variable.
Simple vs. Multiple Regression
• One dependent variable Y
• One dependent variable Y
predicted from a set of
predicted from one
independent variables (X1,
independent variable X
X2 ….Xk)
• One regression coefficient
• One regression coefficient
for each independent
variable
• r2: proportion of variation • R2: proportion of variation
in dependent variable Y in dependent variable Y
predictable from X predictable by set of
independent variables (X’s)

9-53
54
EXAMPLE ON REGRESSION
AND CORRELATION
YEARS GDP (Y) OIL PRICE(X1) EXCHANGE RATE(X2)

2000 6713.57 3282.91 109.55

2001 6895.2 2501.59 113.45

2002 7795.76 2695.93 126.9

2003 9913.52 4113.91 137

2004 11411.07 4247.72 132.85

2005 14610.88 5664.88 129

2006 18564.59 6982.94 127

2007 20657.32 7533.04 116.8

2008 24296.33 9097.75 131.25

2009 24794.24 7418.5 148.01

2010 33984.75 14505.76 148.82

2011 37409.86 15285 156.7

2012 40544.1 15004.62 155.75

2013 42396.77 17759.73 155.75

2014 45251.72 18335.63 168

2015 48321.51 19232.99 199

References and Acknowledgements
 Primary
 Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research Wiley Blackwell; 2nd
Edition, ISBN-13: 978- 0631213055
 Kumar, R (2010) Research methods: A step-by-step guide for
beginners
 Jones, S. (1998) Doing Internet Research Critical Issues and
Methods for Examining the Net. Sage, ISBN-13: 978-0761915959
 Oates, B.J. (2005) Researching Information Systems and
Computing. Sage. ISBN-13: 978-1412902243
 Alderson P (1998) The importance of theories in health care British
Medical Journal 317, 1007-10
 Hek G, Judd M and Moule P (2002) Making sense of research: an
introduction for health and social care practitioners (2nd edition)
London: Continuum
 Acknowledgements
 Lectures have been adapted in part from various lecture materials prepared by
many lecturers and materials available on the Internet

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The End!