S.T.E.A.

MOISTURE
By: Samia Moid Ahmed
AND HUMIDITY
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What are Moisture and Humidity?
• Moisture represents the presence of a liquid containing trace amounts of water.
Moisture has different effects on different products, influencing the final quality of the product.
Wood pellets, for instance, are made by taking remainders of wood and grinding them to make
compact pellets, which are sold as a fuel. They need to have a relatively low water content for
combustion efficiency. The more moisture that is allowed in the pellet, the more smoke that will
be released when the pellet is burned.
• Humidity, on the other hand, is the concentration of water vapor in a gaseous state, present in
the air.
• The higher the humidity, the wetter it feels outside. On the weather reports, humidity is usually
explained as relative humidity.
• Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor actually in the air, expressed as a percentage
of the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at the same temperature.
S.T.E.A.M TYPES OF HUMIDITY:
• Absolute Humidity:

• Relative Humidity:
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•People need a certain level of humidity to be
comfortable. In the winter, indoor humidity can be
extremely low and the lack of humidity can dry out your
HUMIDITY skin and mucous membranes.
•Low humidity also makes the air feel colder than it
AND HOW actually is. Dry air can also dry out the wood in the walls
and floors of our houses.
WE TAKE •As the drying wood shrinks, it can cause creaks in floors
ADVANTAG and cracks in drywall and plaster.
•Humidifiers are devices that emit water vapor or steam
E to increase moisture levels in the air (humidity).
•Ultrasonic humidifiers produce a cool mist with
ultrasonic vibration. Impeller humidifiers produce a cool
mist with a rotating disk. Evaporators use a fan to blow
air through a wet wick, filter or belt.
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S.T.E.A.M •A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of
water vapor in air, in soil, or in confined spaces. Humidity
measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some

TOOLS other quantities such as temperature, pressure, mass, a

mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is
absorbed.
SCIENTISTS •By calibration and calculation, these measured quantities can
lead to a measurement of humidity. Modern electronic devices
USE TO use temperature of condensation (called the dew point), or
changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure
MEASURE humidity differences.
•The first crude hygrometer was invented by the Italian
MOISTURE Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci in 1480. Major leaps
forward came during the 1600s; Francesco Folli invented a
AND more practical version of the device, while Robert Hooke
improved a number of meteorological devices including the
HUMIDITY hygrometer.
•A more modern version was created by Swiss polymath Johann
Heinrich Lambert in 1755. Later, in the year 1783, Swiss
physicist and Geologist Horace Bénédict de Saussure invented
the first hygrometer using human hair to measure humidity!
Francesco Folli Robert Hooke

2 3

1
Leonardo da Vinci
4 5
Horace Bénédict
Johann Heinrich
de Saussure
Lambert
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A digital hygrometer is An analogue This is a Soil Moisture

one of the various tools hygrometer is also a Meter/Sensor used to
which scientists use to scientific tool used to measure the amount of
measure humidity. measure the different moisture in the soil it is
levels of humidity. put into.
 Steps to
make a
Soil
Moisture
Sensor:

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Materials and Equipment:
You will need the following items to make the inspector.
• Breadboard
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• 9 V battery and 9 V battery snap connector
• CD4011 NAND gate integrated circuit (IC)
• 100 kΩ resistors (2) (brown, black, yellow, gold stripes) ,470 Ω resistor (yellow, purple, brown, gold stripes)
• Red LED, 10 MΩ resistor, Jumper wires (assorted), Alligator clip leads (2)

You will also need the following items to test your sensor:
Access to soil, either outside or indoors (for example, from potted plants)
The ability to make wet soil, The ability to make dry soil;

You will also need some other materials and tools, since this is an engineering or technology (art) project
and you will come up with your own design for the case, there is not an exact list of materials required to do
the project.
• Aluminum foil
• Small block of stiff foam or wood
• Small plastic container with lid
• Power drill or hobby knife (adult supervision required)
• Safety goggles
• Hot glue or waterproof silicone sealant
 My
Result

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 Average Annual Humidity Levels

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WEATHER AND HUMIDITY:
• Here's what happens in winter to make it feel so dry in our houses. Let's say that the
outdoor temperature is 0 degrees C, or 32 degrees F. The maximum amount of water
that a cubic meter of air can hold at this temperature is 5 grams. Now you bring this
cubic meter of air inside and heat it to 25 degrees C or 77 degrees F. The relative
humidity is only 23 percent:
• 5 grams of water in the air / 22 grams possible
= 23 percent relative humidity
• It gets worse as the temperature outside falls lower. This is why the air inside any
heated building in the winter feels so dry, any time the temperature outside is below
freezing, relative humidity inside will be below 20 percent unless you do something
to increase the humidity. (using humidifiers)
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 By:
Samia
Moid
THANK
Ahmed
YOU