Presentation on

TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA - CHALLENGES IN

FUTURE

By
Prof. S. L. Dhingra
Transportation Systems Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Organised by
Research Scholars’ Forum
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
23rd Oct. 2002, Institute Auditorium
 Overview

National Highway Development Projects (NHDP)

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Urban Transport Projects

National Highways Development Project (NHDP)
Golden
 Golden Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral -- Comprising
Comprising NHs
NHs Connecting
Connecting
Delhi, Mumbai,
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
Chennai, andand Kolkata.
Kolkata.
Length -- 5,952
Length 5,952 Kms
Kms
Year of
Year of Completion
Completion -- 2003
2003
North-South
 North-South & & East-West
East-West Corridor
Corridor -- Comprising
Comprising NHs
NHs
Connecting Srinagar
Connecting Srinagar to to Kanyakumari
Kanyakumari andand Silchar
Silchar to
to
Porbandar.
Porbandar.
Length -- 7,300
Length 7,300 Kms
Kms
Year of
Year of Completion
Completion -- 2007
2007
Total Estimated
Total Estimated Cost
Cost == Rs.54,000
Rs.54,000 Crores
Crores (at
(at 1999
1999 Prices)
Prices)
Mumbai--Pune Expressway
Mumbai--Pune Expressway Map
 Environment Protection

 All conditions for environment are followed.

 One thousand trees trans planted.
 Extensive tree plantation , and median verge
plantation plant.
 Separate dumping area is acquired for surplus
material.
 Separate land is acquired for labour camp.
 Provision of recycling material and used for
work.
 Provision for additional lead for transport of
surplus material.
 Continued…

 Special item to use surplus rock – gabbian, rock

embankment.
 Murum from adjoining land and dumping black
cotton soil from road – creation of new fertile
agriculture land.
 Rain water drainage .
 Terracing to quarry area.
 Social Problem

 Tendency of villagers to cross expressway, use

of cycles & two wheelers in spite the provision of
cart track & pedestrians crossing
 Tendency to overtake wrong side over speeding
 Observing no lane discipline
 Advantages of the Expressway

 Time savings - Mumbai-Pune distance will be covered

in 2 hours as against 4 to 6 hours in the present
situation
 Estimated fuel and other savings to the extent of
Rs.500 crores per year
 Reduction in environmental pollution due to vehicles
running at rated capacity and less fuel consumption
 Reduction in Accidents
 Continued…

 Reduction in Accidents
 Savings in travel time
 Saving in fuel
 Fast crossing of Khandala Ghat
 Economic development through speedy traffic
 Reduction in pollution
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Aiming for Rural Transformation
 Current Scenario & need for
providing road connectivity: the PMGSY Approach

 Only 48 % of villages are connected by all-weather roads.

 Nearly 50 % of villages lack proper connectivity.
 Proper rural road connectivity is a must for development. Why ?
 Benefits – economic, social, political etc.
 Rural people can have easy access to
 Trade
 Education
 Health
 Employment
 The Highlights of PMGSY
(Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana)

 Investment of Rs. 60,000 Crore

 Road Connectivity (All-weather roads) Goals:
- villages with population of more than 1000 (by 2003).
- villages with population more than 500 (by 2007).
 Nearly 1,00,000 villages to be covered.
 Around 30 Crore (300 Million) people would be benefited.
 10 Crore (100 Million) people expected to cross poverty line
 Hence, there is a need to plan for optimal rural road
networks to achieve the objectives of integrated rural
development.
Urban Transport Projects
• Flyovers
• Bandra-Worli sea link
• Western Freeway link/
• Hajiali-Wilson college viaduct
• Metro System (TCS Study)
• Elevated Railway System (by E. Sreedharan)
• MUTP II (MRVC Study)
• Mass Transit System (by MMRDA)
• Thane MRTS
• Sky Bus
 Whether we need flyovers?
 Mumbai : high traffic density , high traffic
congestion.

 Geographical Layout : only N-S flow and very

heavy traffic

 Consequent delays - city entry & exit

 Necessity of improving speeds on N-S Corridors

 Need to quickly reach starting points of proposed

Expressways to Pune, Nashik & Ahmedabad
from city centre

Project Features
Flyovers on the 3 Main Routes
1. Western Express Highway (WEH)
2. Eastern Express Highway (EEH)
3. Sion-Panvel Express Way
 City Central Corridor developed by appropriate
flyovers
Elevated Road from J.J. Hospital to Crawford Market
 City Western Corridor-Flyovers on SB Marg
 Estimated cost is Rs. 1550 crores
 Of these 50 flyovers, 29 have been completed.
 Air Pollution in Mumbai
 Sectorwise distribution of Pollution:
Transport 64%
Power 4%
Domestic 15%
Industrial 17%
 Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction:
Item Observed Limits
(microgm/Nm3) (microgm/Nm3)
SO2 43 – 120 80
Nox 90 – 107 80
SPM 1144 – 3170 200
Salient Features:
 Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim
junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road
 Bridge length: 4 km (0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)
 Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km (including
toll plaza)
 Carriageway - 8 lanes
 Cable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylon

Cont…
 Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at
150m height with access via capsule lift from
pile cap
 Advanced Traffic control and surveillance
system
 Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores
 Link proposed to be extended to Nariman Point
 A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be
provided for main spans for marine traffic
 Techno Economic Feasibility

 Fuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annum

 Savings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutes
 Reduction in air, noise & sound pollution
 Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75%
 No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of
fishermen
 Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and
overall improvement in the quality of life.
 Reduced accidents.
Existing Situation:
 Distance from Lovegrove Jn to Mahim Junction = 7.7 km
 Traffic Signals = 23 Nos
 Travel time:
– Morning peak hour = 35 min
– Evening peak hour = 38 min
 Average Journey Speed = 13 kmph

Savings due to Sea Link

 Direct Cost savings = Rs 14.11 per car
(fuel, tyre,wear & tear, lubricants,etc)
 Travel time savings = 29 min per car
Time value @ Rs 100/ hr = Rs 48.43 / car
 Hence, total savings = Rs 62.59 / car
 The Fourth Corridor
Wadala
Bandra

BANDRA
WORLI Worli
SEA LINK
Savarkar Marg

Senapati Bapat Marg

Ambedkar Marg sewri

Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Margs

Western rail
MPT
Central rail
WESTERN
Harbour rail
FREE WAY
GPO
SEA LINK CST
Hutatma Chowk

Gateway of India
 Salient Features
Alignment:
 Total length 14.77 Km

 Starting from interchange at `Worli’

 Alignment about 200 m in the sea from shore line

 Easy Traffic Dispersal -

Interchanges with connecting links at
- Haji Ali Circle,
- Bhulabhai Desai Marg,
- NCPA Nariman Point
Attributes

 Bridge spans to be provided with adequate vertical

and Horizontal clearance
 Eco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditions
 Cable stayed bridges and viaducts
 - Improve aesthetics of the coastal area
 - No Visual Intrusion from sea shore

 Modern Traffic Surveillance System

 Minimum land reclamation, only near approaches
Benefits
 Traffic will be dispersed

 Vehicular pollution will be reduced

 Overall Improvement in environment

 Reduction in Pollution

 Reduction in Accidents

 Improvement in the existing transport system

and living conditions
Why do we need metro system?

 To reduce the surface traffic.

 To cater to the increase in traffic due to
the emergence of Worli as business and
industrial center.
 To decrease the level of pollution.
 To reduce the heavy load on local
railways and buses.
 Salient Features:
 Location (7th corridor) Colaba to Kurla
 Length 22.4 Kms
 Average number of commuters per 24,20,000
day on a weekdays
 Travel time 39 min.
 Number of intermediate stations 24
 Peak hour demand 50,689
 Drainage will be taken care by sumps and automatic
pumps.
Value and life of assets under major heads or groups

Sr. Major Head or Group Cost Life in

No. Crores Years
1. DPR 50.00  
N.A.
2. Land 500.00 Infinite
3. Running Tunnels 1177.05 100
4. Other Underground Cavities 633.77 100
5. Miscellaneous works in 344.09 100
Tunnels
6. Carshed Works 114.42 50
7. Cut and Cover construction 242.60 50
8. Administrative Office 20.00 50
Building
9. Ballastless Tracks 46.51 15
10. Residential quarters 27.00 50
11. Temporary track connection 25.00 50
12. Power supply 89.60 40
13. Electrical equipments 1045.95 20
14. S & T equipments 366.87 15
15. Rolling stock 1950.00 30
16. General charges 554.40 N.A.
17. Contingencies 216.22 N.A.
  Total 7423.48  

NOTE : ‘N.A.’ denotes Not Applicable.

 Abstract estimate for 7th corridor
Amount
S. No. Main Head (Rs. Crores)

1. Preliminary expenses 50.00

2. Land and right of way 500.00
3. Structural engineering works 2650.44
4. Power supply and electrical equipments 1135.55
5. Signaling and telecom equipments 366.87
  (including automatic fare collection and checking  
system)
6. Rolling stock 1950.00
  Total 6652.86
7. 554.40
  Add general charges, (supervision and direction) @
8.33% 7207.26
8. 216.22
Total
Add contingencies
Total 7423.48
MRVC
 Components
 Increase in corridors
 Longer (12 rake) EMUs
 Station area improvement schemes
 Removal of level crossings
 The resettlement and relocation of the
project affected persons and structures
all along Central and Western Railway
corridors and the Harbour Line
 Total cost of the project is 5618.36 crores.
 To
Virar To Dahanu
Kasara
Rd.
Vasai Kalyan
Rd.
To Karjat/ Khopoli
Diva Jn.
Borivali

THANE

Andheri

Santacru
z Turbhe
Kurla Vashi Nerul
Belapur
BANDRA Panvel

To
DADAR Wadala Rd. Karjat

To Roha

Mumba
i
Central Uran

Mumbai CST
Churchgate
CENTRAL RAILWAY
WESTERN RAILWAY
LOCAL LINE
LOCAL LINE
THROUGH LINE
THROUGH LINE
HARBOUR LINE
5TH LINE
OTHER LINES

Mumbai Suburban System Map

Benefits
Rail Project
 Increase in capacity by about 35%
 Higher frequency of train services during
peak hours
 Reduction in journey time
 Improvement in the flow of passengers and
vehicles in and selected stations

Cont…
Non-Rail Projects

Reduction in traffic congestion, increase in

vehicular speeds and reduction in delays
Increased carrying capacity for bus users
Safe and smooth flow of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic
Minimizing delays and accidents
Improved environment through reduction in
air pollution
Comparison between different modes of transport

 In terms of land usage railway is 24 times more

efficient than road.
 Railway transport are 6 times more energy
efficient than road transport.
 Bus travel is 5 times more costlier than
railways.
 Road traffic is a major source of air pollution
and noise pollution.
 Bus takes about 50% more time during peak
hours as compared to rail.
 List of projects and their costs ( in crores of rupees)
S.No Project Category Cost
1 5th line between Santacruz and Borivali on W R. Augmentation 161.98
 
2 Extra pair of lines between Kurla-Thane. Augmentation 368.69
 
3 Borivali-Bhayandar additional pair of line. Augmentation 180.29
 
4 Bhayandar-Virar additional pair of line. Augmentation 406.40
 
5 Optimization of WR including 12 car on through Optimization 564.70
line  
6 Optimization of CR including 12 car on through line Optimization 613.63
 
7 Optimization of Harbour line. Optimization 292.69
8 DC AC Conversion   601.00
9 EMU Remanufacture   450.00
10 5th line Kurla-Dadar-CSTM. Augmentation 229.20
11 W R 6th line Borivali-Santacruz. Augmentation 209.83
12 Western Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 254.00
 
13 Central Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 250.00
 
14 East-West Bandra-Kurla link. Augmentation 974.95
Total 5618.3
MMRDA
 MTS Alignment “C”

Alignment “C” is split into following 6 sections

 C1 – CST to Mahalaxmi
 C2 – Mahalaxmi to Bandra
 C3 – Bandra to Andheri station
 C4 – Andheri to Charkop village
 C5 – Andheri station to Ghatkopar
 C6 – Mulund to Sahar Airport
Salient Features

 Maximum link flow is 51,000 per direction

per hour.
 Network length is 57 km.
Elevated section – 45 km
Underground section – 12 km
 Total cost is Rs 118,885 million.
Andheri-Ghatkopar Alignment
 Length - 9 km
Elevated section - 8.1 km
Underground section – 0.9 km
 Investment cost - Rs. 820 crores
 Operating cost - Rs. 31 crores
 Peak hour ridership passengers – 40,000
 Investment cost Rs. Per pass km – 40,091
 Output pass-km per million Rupees – 24.94
 Economic internal rate of return – 11.14%
 Need:
 Thane is one of the fastest growing cities. The
city, spread over an area of 128 sq.km. has a
population of 15.5 lakhs.
 High travel demand.
 Population doubling every decade.
 City expected to hit 30 lakhs by 2031.
 Development has increased the traffic
tremendously.
 An MRTS that is….

• Convenient
• Comfortable
• Fast
• Environment friendly during
construction and operation
 Existing Traffic Scenario
 Traffic Volumes at entry/ exit to Thane City
– LBS Marg - 31758 PCUs
– Eastern Expressway - 53481 PCUs
 Modal Split in Thane

(8.15 %) (15.36 %)
(12.75 %)
Cycle Car
2-W
(30.46 %)
(33.28 %) IPT
Bus

Bus & IPT together cater to about 65% trips

Rapid industrial development and population growth in Thane
has resulted in large scale traffic movements.

Population Growth: 14.5 lakhs in 2001.

Demand for bus transportation is on the rise, but has

Limitations due to.

heavy congestion

limited accessibility

This has resulted in increase in personalized & IPT modes,

thereby aggravating congestion & pollution levels.

Government of Maharashtra has therefore envisaged the need

for efficient, economical, equitable and environmental friendly
 30m wide circular MRTS corridor proposed through major work
and industrial area

 Total Route Length - 21 km

Elevated - 12.25 km
Surface Level - 8.75 km

 Total stations - Eleven (11)

On ground - 8
Elevated Stations - 3

 Estimated Project Cost: Rs 1000 crores

 Modern Traffic Management & Surveillance Systems

 Environmentally better system

Cross-sectional view of Sky Bus
 Salient Features of Sky Bus

Maximum traffic carrying capacity: 15000 pphpd

can be upgraded to 30000 pphpd.
Dimension of Sky Bus (L*W*H): 8*2.8*2.4
Capacity of Sky Bus: 250 passenger
Maximum permissible speed: 100 Kmph
Acceleration: 1.3 m/sec2
Minimum clearance above road level: 6 meters
Proposed route of Sky Bus
To Summarize…

 Meeting the demand

 Reducing the demand
 East west corridors
 Worli area Rail connection
 Colaba area Rail connection
 Churchgate-CST connection
 Integration of these systems to meet the total
travel demand