Electricity and Magnetism

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING

AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

 SCALARS

• A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude ( no

direction)

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length
 Area
 Volume
 Time
 Mass

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 VECTORS

• A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and

a direction.
Examples of Vector Quantities:
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force

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 Contents
1. Vector algebra
• Addition, Subtraction, & Multiplication of Vectors.
2. Orthogonal coordinate system
• Cartesian, cylindrical, & spherical coordinates.
3. Vector calculus
• Differentiation and integration of vectors; line,
surface and volume integrals; “del” operator,
gradient, divergence, and curl operations.

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VECTOR

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6
 RESULTANT OF TWO VECTORS

 The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of

two vector quantities

Vectors in the same direction:

6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m
Vectors in opposite directions:
6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
VECTOR ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
PARALLELOGRAM LAW
 When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
 Complete the parallelogram
 The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal

TRIANGLE LAW
 When two vectors are joined
head to tail
 Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle

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 EX PROBLEM : RESULTANT OF
TWO VECTORS
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force acting on the body?

Solution:
 Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)
 The diagonal of the parallelogram ac

represents the resultant force

 The magnitude of the resultant is found using

Pythagoras’ Theorem on the triangle abc a

12 N d
Magnitude  ac  12  52 2
θ 13

5N
N 5
ac  13 N
12 b c
Direction of ac : tan   12
5
12
   tan 1  67  Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5 9
with the 5 N force
 EX PROBLEM : RESULTANT OF THREE
VECTORS
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the resultant of
the three forces shown below.

Solution:
 Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)

ac  52  52  50  7.07 N
d 5 c
5
tan    1    45
5

N
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and

5N

07
 5

7.
7.07 N forces
 The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
45º θ

N
a
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 135º 5 N
b

93
2.
So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N
N
 10
in the direction of the 10 N force

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 OLD SCHOOL

• Consider vector B, which is expressed as B and θ

where B is the magnitude and θ is the direction
• We know that the vector has components in the x
and y axis (every vector does)
Bx and By
• We can find these components using trig functions
and pythag theorem

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• We always MUST consider the x and y
components of a vector to do any type of
physics or math problems

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 NEW SCHOOL

• Vectors can also be expressed in terms of unit

vectors
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a
magnitude of exactly 1
– The unit vector is only used to specify a given
direction

– i, j, k are used to represent unit vectors pointing in

the direction of the positive x, y, z directions
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• If we go back to vector B, now we can express it as
B at θ = Bx i + By j
since Bx is in the i direction
and By is in the j direction

So any position vector R can be written as

R = Rx i + Ry j (+ Rz k)

Ex. If R = 15 m @ 35o , it can be broken into x=12.29 m

and y=8.6 m so…
R = 12.29 i + 8.6 j m

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Adding vectors in unit vector form becomes very
easy

A + B, where
A = Ax i + Ay j , B = Bx i + By j

So if A + B = C, then
C = (Ax + Bx) i + (Ay + By) j

And once we have C, then we can still find it’s polar

coordinates, or magnitude and direction (pythag & trig)
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• Sometimes we will do 3 dimensional problems.
You can actually still use pythag theorem to find
the resultant magnitude.
• You can add, subtract, and multiply unit vectors,
just like before
ex. Find 5A where A = Ax i + Ay j
5A = 5Ax i + 5Ay j

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EQUALITY OF TWO VECTOR

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A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. It is represented by an arrow. The length of
the vector represents the magnitude and the arrow
indicates the direction of the vector.

Blue and orange Blue and purple Blue and green

vectors have vectors have vectors have
same magnitude same magnitude same direction
but different and direction so but different
direction. they are equal. magnitude.

Two vectors are equal if they have the same direction and
magnitude (length). 21
 How can we find the magnitude if we
Q
have the initial point and the terminal  x2 , y 2 
point? The distance formula
Terminal
t h
g Point
l en
t he
is
d e
it u
n n is
ag c t io
m i r e gle
Initial d a n
s
Point thi
 x1 , y1 
P
How can we find the direction? You can make a right
triangle and use trig to get the angle!)
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POSITION & DISTANCE VECTOR

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Although it is possible to do this for
Q
 xx, 2
2 , yy
any initial and terminal points, since
vectors are equal as long as the
direction and magnitude are the Terminal
same, it is easiest to find a vector Point
with initial point at the origin and
terminal point (x, y). A vector whose
initial point is
n is the origin is
c t io called a
i r e gle
Initial d a n position vector
s
Point thi
 0x1,, 0y1
P If we subtract the initial point from the
terminal point, we will have an
equivalent vector with initial point at
the origin.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
 The negative of a vector is just a vector going the opposite way.

v

v
A number multiplied in front of a vector is called a scalar. It means
to take the vector and add together that many times.

3v v
v
v 27
 v Using the vectors shown,
find the following:
u w
uv u
v
 3w
w uv
w
w u
v

2u  3w  v v
u w
u w
w

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 This is the notation for a
Vectors are denoted with bold position vector. This means
letters the point (a, b) is the
a
v    terminal point and the initial
b
point is the origin.
a
v     ai  bj
b We use vectors that are only 1
unit long to build position
(a, b) vectors. i is a vector 1 unit long
in the x direction and j is a vector
j 1 unit long in the y direction.
i (3, 2)
j
 3 j
v    i i i
v  3i  2 j
 2 29
If we want to add vectors that are in the form ai + bj, we can
just add the i components and then the j components.

v  2i  5 j w  3i  4 j
v  w   2i  5 j  3i  4 j  i  j
When we want to know
the magnitude of the
Let's look at this geometrically: vector (remember this is
the length) we denote it
3i
w  4j v    2 2
  5
2

5j v
j  29
 2i i 30
 A unit vector is a vector with magnitude 1.
If we want to find the unit vector having the same
direction as a given vector, we find the magnitude of the
vector and divide the vector by that value.

w  3i  4 j What is w ?

 3   4   25  5
2 2
w 
If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction
as w we need to divide w by 5.

3 4 Let's check this to see if it really is

u i j 1 unit long.
5 5 3  4
2
25
2

u       1
5  5 25 31
If we know the magnitude and direction of the vector, let's
see if we can express the vector in ai + bj form.

v  5,   150
As usual we can use the trig
we know to find the length
in the horizontal direction
and in the vertical direction.
5
150
v  v  cos  i  sin  j

5 3 5
v  5 cos 150i  sin 150 j   i j
2 2 32
 Scalar or Dot Product

• Scalar or Dot Product:

A . B = AB cos θAB B

θAB
A

BcosθAB A

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Vector Analysis 35
Vector or cross product
 CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X, Y, Z)

A point P can be represented as (x, y, z). The ranges of the coordinate

variables x, y, and z are

-∞<X<∞
-∞<y<∞
-∞<z<∞

A vector A in Cartesian (otherwise known as rectangular) coordinates can be

written as

(Ax, Ay, Az) or Axax + Ayay + Azaz

where ax, ay, and az are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-directions

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