Fiber Optic probes in

Medicine
Presented by
Sarojini Ramakrishnan
Email: sr63@buffalo.edu
 Overview
 What is Endoscopy?
 The Endoscope
 The Rigid Endoscope
 The Flexible Endoscope
 Major Players
 Cost
 Research
 References

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 What is Endoscopy?
 Minimally invasive surgical procedure
 “Keyhole” or “seamless” surgery
 Allows surgeons to peer into the body and
examine organs in situ
 Also widely used as a diagnostic procedure
Caught in the act??
The View
 The Endoscope
 Uses fiber optics and powerful lens systems
 Illuminates and provides a view of the interior
of joints
 Rigid or Flexible
 Different variations for viewing different
organs
The Rigid Endoscope
 The Rigid Endoscope
 Objective Lens
 Rod Lens
 Ocular Lens
 Light Fibers
 Light Source
 Camera for imaging (optional)
Rod Lenses
 Endoscope to Video
 Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image
viewed on a monitor
 Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)
- Capture and store image data
- 2D array of individual elements that
can store an electric charge
- can respond to as high as 70% of the
incident light
Charge-Coupled Device
 Light Sources
 Tungsten filament lamp
 halogen reflector lamp
- optimal use of light
 Rare-earth xenon lamp
- high intensity light
- true color display (xenon daylight
effect)
 The Flexible Endoscope
 Bending radius of approx. 15mm
 Two fiber optic cables
- one is a light conduit (incoherent)
- second is used for image transmission
(coherent)
 Image fiber
- image resolution of approx. 10.000 pixels
per square mm.
 Major Players
 Olympus
 Pentax
 Fujinon
 Stryker
 Cost
 Endoscopy accounts for 25% of all surgery conducted
in developed countries
 Endoscopes
- anywhere between $700 for a used endoscope
upto $10,000 for a new endoscope
 Light Sources
- $250 to $4000
 Video Endoscopy system
- above $8000
 Research Avenues
 Surgical imaging systems that can simulate the
optimal path for the surgeon (inside the brain
for neurosurgery, for example)
 Spectroscopy
 Endoscopes with image processing capabilities
 References
 imaginis.com/endoscopy/
 Rigid Endoscopes
- members.aol.com/EndoNews/art1.html
- www.surgical-optics.com/N_RTerms.html
- www.nsgamerica.com/products.cfm
- www.awi-industries.com/rodLens.html
- www.endoscopy.com/vet/video.htm
- www.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCD
 Light Sources
- http://www.meditronic.com/products/endoscopy/light.html
- www.vet.uga.edu/mis/Exotics/Exotics_Equipment/
exotics_equipment.html
 References Contd.
 Flexible Endoscope
- http://www.healthlibrary.com/reading/yod/current/fibre.htm
- http://www.corexcel.com/courses2/body.flexible.endoscopes.page2.htm
 Coherent Fiber Optic Bundle
- http://cord.org/step_online/st1-7/st17eiv.htm
- www.roperscientific.de/teffo.html
 Market situation
- www.1800Endoscope.com
- http://www.mindbranch.com/catalog/product.jsp?code=R469-0002