DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

By Group 2:
Bitoon, Justin Ryan
Cuta, Pamela Jeane
Malig-on, Shaina Mae
Obregon, Bernadeth
 DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

Second Page
•Occur during
• Yoursythesis
Text here phase/S phase, before
entering Mitosis/Meiosis
• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
•Adenine nucleotide
tincidunt utpairs withmagna
laoreet dolore thymine, and
aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
Cytosine withnostrud
Guanine.exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis
nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
•2 strands of DNA are complemetary
• Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in
vulputate ➡
Ex: AGTCATGA TCAGTACT
velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum
dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit
praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te
feugait nulla facilisi.
 SEMICONSERVATIVE
REPLICATION
•When two DNA copies are formed, they have
an identical sequence of nucleotide bases and
are divided equally into two daughter cells.
•Each new double strand consists of one
parental strand and one new daughter strand.
 DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

Second Page
• Your Text here

•involve enzymes andipsum

• Lorem otherdolorproteins
sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
•occur in 3 stages: INITIATION,
tincidunt ut laoreet doloreELONGATION,
magna aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
TERMINATION. nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis
nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
•Recall that eukaryotic DNA is bound to proteins
• Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in
known
as histones to form structures
vulputate calledconsequat,
velit esse molestie nucleosomes
vel illum
dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit
praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te
feugait nulla facilisi.
DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

INITIATION
•
-theDNA is made accessible to the proteins
and enzymes involve in the replication
process.
-There are specific nucleotide sequence called
origin of replication at which replication
begins.
DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

Helicase (enzyme)
- unwinds and opens the DNA helix.
Replication forks
- as the DNA opens ups, Y- shaped structures are formed.
Two replication forks are formed at the origin of replication, and
these get extended in both directions as replication proceeds.
 DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

Second Page
ELONGATION • Your Text here
•DNA POLYMERASE (enzyme)
• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
-adds DNA nucleotides at the
adipiscing elit, 3' end
sed diam of the
nonummy template.
nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
-can only add new nucleotides
volutpat. Ut wisi enimat adthe end
minim of
veniam,backbone,
quis
nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis
a
PRIMER SEQUENCE, which
nisl ut aliquip ex ea provides a strating point is
commodo consequat.

added with complementary

• Duis autem vel eumRNA nucleotides.
iriure dolor in hendrerit in
vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum
dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit
praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te
feugait nulla facilisi.
DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

•the Primer is removed

•Nucleotides are replaced with DNA
nucleotides.
LEADING STRAND
-Strand complementary to parental DNA
strand, is synthesized continuously to
replication fork.
DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
-DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in a 5' to 3'
direction, the other strand is put together in short pieces.
-each require a primer made of RNA to start synthesis.
•Strands with okazaki fragments are the LAGGING STRAND.
DNA LIGASE
-seal the gaps between fragments.
DNA REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES

The process of DNA replication can be summarized as

follows:
1. DNA unwinds at the origin of replication.
2. New bases are added to the complementary
parental strands. One new strand is made
continuously, while the other strand is made in pieces
3. Primers are removed, new DNA nucleotides are put
in place of the primers and the backbone is sealed by
ligase
 TELOMERE
REPLICATION

Second Page
• Your Text here
• In the leading strand, synthesis continues until the end of the chromosome
• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
is reached, adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt
•In the Lagging strand, thereutislaoreet dolore
no place for magna
a primer aliquam
to beerat
made for the
volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
DNA fragment to be nostrud
copied exerci
at thetation
end of the chromosome,
ullamcorper which becomes
suscipit lobortis
nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
a problem.
TELOMERES • Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in
-the ends of linear vulputate
chromosomes,
dolore
velit esse molestie
eu feugiatwhich haveconsequat,
nulla facilisis repetitive vel illum
sequence
at vero eros et that do
not code for a particular gene.et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit
accumsan
praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te
feugait nulla facilisi.
TELOMERE REPLICATION

• TELOMERES are shortened with each round

of DNA replication instead of genes.
•Telomeres helped in understanding how
chromosome ends are maintained.
TELOMERE
REPLICATION

• The telomerase attaches to the end of the

chromosomes, and complementary base to the RNA
template are aaded on the end of the DNA strand..
• Once the lagging strand template is sufficiently
elongated, DNA polymerase can now add
nucleotides that are complementary to the ends of
the chromosomes.