Mech. Equip. Hyd.

&
Pneumatic Sys
Lecture 1
Review

Ass. Prof. I. A. Elsherif

 HYDRAULIC LOSSES
IN TRANSMISSION LINES

L v 2
P  
D 2

where ΔP = Pressure losses in the pipe line, Pa

L = Pipe length, m
v = Mean fluid velocity = 4Q /  D 2 , m/s
D = Inner pipe diameter, m.
λ = Friction coefficient (   64 / Re ) for laminar flow
Re = Reynolds number = vD /   vD /  128  L
ρ = Oil density, kg/m3
P  QRQ
D 4

128  L 2
The power loss ΔN is: N  Q P1  Q P2  Q P  RQ 2  Q
D4
INTERNAL LEAKAGE IN
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
For very small clearances, the leakage flow is
practically laminar. Then, neglecting the minor losses
at the inlet and outlet, and assuming concentric spool

c2
v  a(  r 2 )
4
v  v max  a c 2 / 4 for r=0
v0 for r= c/2

where v = Axial oil speed in the clearance, m/s

a = constant, 1/ms
r = radial distance from the mid-point of clearance, m
c = radial clearance, m
 For very narrow clearance, c<<D
Or

dQ L  Dvdr
c/2
c2
Q L   Da(  r )dr  aDc / 6
2 3

c / 2
4
The clearance area A c  Dc
The side area subjected to viscous friction A s  2DL
dv
The shear stress    2ar
dr
  ac For r   c / 2
The shear stress acts to resist the fluid motion.
The force required to overcome the friction forces

F  2A s   2DLac

F
The required pressure difference P   2aL
Ac

where D = Spool diameter, m

L = Length of leakage path, m
 = Dynamic viscosity coefficient, Pas

Dc 3
Then Q L  P
12L

12  L
Or P  Q  RL QL
D c 3 L
 Power loss due to leakage

D c 3 12  L 2
N  P 2 Or N  Q  R L Q 2

12  L D c 3 L L

where QL = Leakage flow rate, m3/s

ΔP = Pressure difference, Pa
RL = Resistance to leakage, Ns/m5
 VISCOUS FRICTION

dv v
 
dy c
DL
F  DL   v fv
c

F = Friction force, N
f = Friction coefficient = DL / c , Ns/m
L = Length of spool land, m
 LOCAL LOSSES

The local losses result from rapid variation in the

magnitude or direction of the velocity vector. The
throttling elements, T connections and elbows are
typical local loss elements. The pressure losses in a
local loss element is:

The local loss coefficient ζ is determined mainly by the

geometry of the local loss feature. They are directly
proportional to fluid density.
 Power transmission
in the hydraulic power system
Classifications of hydraulic pumps
Pump flow characteristics
 Hydraulic Control Valves

• Ordinary switching valves

• Proportional valves
• Servovalves
• Digital valves
 Hydraulic Control
Valves

PCV FCV DCV

 Pressure Control
Valves

Pmax Pw Pmin

Relief/Safety V. P. Regulator Sequence V.

Unloading V. (P. Reducing V.) ………
Hi-Lo V P. Compensator MFV
 Flow Control Valves

Throttles F. Regulators Flow Dividers

 Directional Control
Valves

DCV Check V.
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF
SPOOL VALVES
 Over-lapping spool valve

For x  Av  0 Q0

For   x  (  a) A v  ( x   ) Q  C d ( x   ) 2 P / 

For x  a A v  a Q  C d a 2 P / 
Zero-lapping spool valve
Under-lapping spool valve