Readings in t h e

Philippine
history
 W h a t is y o u r o w n
definition o f History?

3
 L e s s o n 1-
meaning o f history
 HISTORY
Etymologically, HISTORY (from Greek
word Historia, meaning “Knowledge
acquired by investigation)
5
 HISTORY
O n t h e o t h e r side, e v e n t s o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e w r i t t e n
r e c o r d are considered prehistoric; a n u mbr ella t e r m
t h a t r e l a t e s t o p a s t e v e n t s as well as t h e m e m o r y ,
d i s c o v e r y, c olle ction , o r g a n i z a t i o n , p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d
interp retatio n of i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t these events.
H e n c e , s c h o l a r s w h o w r i t e a b o u t h i s t o r y a r e c a ll ed
Histo 6 rians.
 HISTORY
H i s t o r y is a n a r r a t i o n o f t h e e v e n t s w h i c h h a v e
h a p p e n e d a m o n g mankind, including an account of
t h e r i se a n d fall o f t h e n a t i o n s , as well as o f o t h e r g r e a t
c h a n g e s w h i c h h a v e a ff e c t e d t h e political a n d social
co n d itio n of t h e h u m a n race.
- J o h n A n d e r s o n , 1876. A Manual of General History
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 HISTORY
T H E W O R D H IS T O RY IS R E F F E R E D U SUAL L Y
F O R AC C O U N T S O F P H E N O M E NA, S P E CIA LL Y
H U M A N AFFAIRS I N C H R O N O L O G I A L O R D E R .

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There are theories constructed by
historians in investigating
history;
✣ a). Factual History
✣ b). Speculative History

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FA C T U A L H I S TO RY
PRESENTS RE ADE RS THE PL AIN AND BASIC
I N F O R M AT I O N , T H E E V E N T S T H AT T O O K PLACE ( WHAT ),
T H E T I M E A N D D AT E W I T H W H I C H T H E E V E N T
HAPPENED ( WHEN ), T H E PL ACE W I T H W H I C H T H E E V E N T
TOOK PLACE , A N D T H E P E O P L E T H AT W E R E I N V O LV E D
( WHO ).
S P E C U L AT I V E H I S TO RY

it g o e s b e y o n d facts b e c a u s e it is c o n c e r n e d
about the reasons for which events
h a p p e n e d (why), a n d t h e w a y t h e y h a p p e n e d
(how).

- it t r i e s t o s p e c u l a t e o n t h e c a u s e a n d e ff e c t
o f a n e v e n t – (Cantal, C a r d i n a l et.al.)
T h e p r a c t i c e o f h i s t or i c a l w r i t i n g is
c a l l e d historiography, t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
m e t h o d i n d o i n g hi s t o ri c a l r e s e a r c h
that focus o n gathering of d o c u m e n t s
f r o m d i f f e r e n t l i bra r i e s a n d a r c h i v e s
to f o r m a pool of evidence n e e d e d in
m a k i n g d e s c r i p t i v e o r a na l yt i c a l
narrative.

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“Only a part of w h a t was observed in the past
was remembered by those who observed it;
only a part of w h at was remembered was
recorded; only a part of wh a t was recorded
has survived; only a part of wh a t has survived
has come to the historian’s attention.”

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

“Only a part of wha t is credible has been
grasped, and only a part of wha t has been
grasped can be expounded or narrated
by the historian.”

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding

History
 L e s s o n 2-
sources and Historical data
 Historical S o u rc e s

 Sources – an object from the past or

testimony concerning the past on
which historians depend in order
to create their o w n depiction of
that past.

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 Primary a n d
secondary
s oy u
✣ W h a t a r e t he ? rces
✣ Advantages a n d disadvantages of using
Pr imary or Secondary sources
✣ Categories

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 Primary s o u r c e s
✣ Prima ry sources enable the
r e s e a r c h e r t o g e t as close as
p o s s i b l e t o w h a t a ct u a l l y
h a p p e n e d d u r i n g a n h i s t o ri c a l
event or time period.
 Primary S o u rc e
✣ Di a r i e s a n d journals
⨳ E x a m p l e : A n n e F r a n k wa s a t e e n a g e r d u r i n g
Wo r l d Wa r II. S h e k e p t a d i a r y o r j o u r n a l t h e
years before she died in a concentration
camp.
H e r d i a r y wa s l a t e r p u b l i s h e d as t h e “Di a ry o f
A n n e Fra nk” . T h i s is a p r i m a r y s o u r c e .
⨳ E x a m p l e : S a r a h M o r g a n wa s y o u n g w o m a n
d u r i n g t h e Civil Wa r. S h e w r o t e i n h e r d i a r y o r
journal what h a p p e n e d to h e r a nd h e r family
d u r i n g t h e wa r. T h i s is a p r i m a r y d o c u m e n t
b e c a u s e it wa s first h a n d . S h e w r o t e it a t t h e
t i m e it h a p p e n e d .
⨳ S a r a h M o r g a n D a w s o n : A C o n f e d e r a t e Girl's
Diary
 Primary S o u rc e
✣ Autobiographies
⨳ A n a u t o b i o g r a p h y is w h e n y o u w r i t e a
s t o r y o r b o o k a b o u t y o u rs e l f.
■ Example: Nelson Mand ela wrote his
a u t o b i o g r a p h y a b o u t e v e n t s i n h i s life
c al l ed “ L o n g Wa l k t o F r e e d o m : T h e
Autobiography of Nelson Mandela.
T h i s is a p r i m a r y d o c u m e n t b e c a u s e
h e w r o t e h i s first h a n d e x p e r i e n c e s .
 Primary S o u rc e
✣ S o u n d Recordings a n d interviews
are consid ered p r i m a r y resources.
⨳ E x a m p l e 1: D u r i n g t h e G r e a t
D e p r e s s i o n a n d Wo r l d Wa r II,
t e l e v i s i o n h a d n o t b e e n i n v e n t e d yet.
T h e p e o p l e w o u l d o f t e n sit a r o u n d
t h e r a d i o t o l iste n t o P r e s i d e n t
Roosevelt’s w a r m e s s a g e s . T h o s e
radio addresses are considered
“ p r i m a r y sources.”
⨳ E x a m p l e 2: D u r i n g t h e 2 0 0 8 e l e c t i o n
Barack O b a m a , h a d m a n y interviews
t h a t w e r e televised. T h o s e i n t e r v i e w s
are consid ered p r i m a r y sources.
W h a t is a s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e ?

A secondary source
is s o m e t h i n g w r i t t e n
about a primary
source.

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• S e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s a r e w r i t t e n "after
t h e fact" - t h a t is, a t a l at er d a t e .
• U su all y t h e a u t h o r o f a s e c o n d a r y
s o u r c e will h a v e s t u d i e d t h e p r i m a r y
s o u r c e s o f a n his tor ica l p e r i o d o r
e v e n t a n d will t h e n i n t e r p r e t t h e
"evidence" f o u n d i n t h e s e s o u rc es .
• Yo u c a n t h i n k o f s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s
as s e c o n d - h a n d i n f o r m a t i o n .
 Secondary Source
• T h i n k a b o u t it like this….
• If I tell y o u s o m e t h i n g , I a m
t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e . If y o u tell
s o m e o n e else w h a t I t o l d
you, you are the secondary
source.
• Secondary source materials
c a n b e ar ticles i n n e w s p a p e r s ,
m a g a z i n e s , b o o k s o r articles
f o u n d t h a t e v a l u a t e o r criticize
s o m e o n e else's o r i g i n a l
research
 W hy U s e P r i m a r y S o u r c e s ?
Advantages
✣ Primary sources provide a window into the
p a s t — u n f i l t e r e d access t o t h e r e c o r d o f
artistic, social, scientific a n d political t h o u g h t
a n d a c h i e v e m e n t d u r i n g t h e specific
p e r i o d u n d e r s t u d y, p r o d u c e d b y p e o p l e
w h o l i ve d d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d
✣ these unique, often profoundl y personal,
d o c u m e n t s a n d o bj e c t s c a n gi ve a v e r y r e a l
s e n s e o f w h a t it wa s like t o b e alive d u r i n g a
l o n g - p a s t era.
 Primary S o u rc e

✣ P r i m a rDy siosu a
r cd
e sva a r eno tf ta
e ng ien cso m p l e t e a n d
h a v e little c o n t e x t . S t u d e n t s m u s t u s e p r i o r
knowledge a n d work with multiple
p r i m a r y sources to find patterns
✣ I n analyzing p r i m a r y sources, students
m o v e f r o m c o n c r e t e o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d facts
to questioning a nd making inferences about
t h e materials.
 Why U s e S e c o n d a r y S o u r c e s ?
Advantages
✣ S e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s c a n p r o v i d e analysis, sy nth esi s,
interpretation, o r evaluation of t he original information.
✣ Secondary sources are best for uncovering b ac k g r o u n d
o r h is tor ica l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a t o p i c a n d b r o a d e n i n g
y o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a t o p i c b y e x p o s i n g y o u t o others’
perspectives, interpretations, a n d conclusions
✣ Allows t h e r e a d e r t o g e t e x p e r t views o f e v e n t s a n d o f t e n
bring together multiple p r i m a r y sources relevant to the
s u b je ct m a t t e r
 Secondary Source
Disadvantages
✣ T h e i r reli abil ity a n d va l i di t y a r e o p e n t o
question, a n d often t h e y d o n o t p r o vi d e exact
information
✣ T h e y d o n o t r e p r e s e n t first h a n d k n o w l e d g e
of a subject o r e vent
✣ T h e r e a r e c o u n t l e s s b o o k s , j ou rn a l s ,
m a g a z i n e articles a n d w e b p a g e s t h a t a t t e m p t
to interpret t he past a n d finding g o o d
s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s c a n b e a n i ssue
Written Sources o f History
• Narrative o r Literary
• D i p l o m a t i c o r Juridical
• Social D o c u m e n t s
 Diplomatic Sources

✣ It is t h e s e k i n d o f s o u r c e s t h a t
p r o f e s s i o n a l h i s t o r i a n s o n c e t r e a t e d as
p u r e s t , “best” s o u r c e . A legal document
is u s u a l l y s e a l e d o r a u t h e n t i c a t e d t o
p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e t h a t a legal
transaction has be e n completed a n d
c a n b e u s e d as e v i d e n c e i n judicial
p r o c e e d i n g s i n c ase o f d i s p u t e .
 Social Documents
✣ These are information pertaining to
e c o n o m i c , social, political o r judicial
significance. T h e y a r e r e c o r d s k e p t b y
b u r e a u c r a c i e s . E x a m p l e s s u c h as
government reports, municipal
accounts, p r o p e r t y registers a n d
r e c o r d s o f c e ns u s .
Historical criticism

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W h a t is Historical Criticism?

 I n o r d e r f o r a s o u r c e t o b e u s e d as e v i d e n c e i n
h i s t o r y, b as ic m a t t e r s a b o u t its f o r m a n d
c o n t en t m u s t b e settled

 1. E x t e r n a l C r i t i c i s m
 2. I n t e r n a l C r i t i c i s m
W h a t is External
Criticism?
 T h e p r o b l e m of authenticity

 To s p o t f a b r i c a t e d , f o r g e d , f a k e d d o c u m e n t s

 To d i s t i n g u i s h a h o a x o r m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
Tests of Authenticity

1. D e t e r m i n e t h e date of t h e d o c u m e n t to see w h e t h e r
t h e y a r e a n a c h r o n i s t i c (a c h r o n o l o g i c a l m i s p l a c i n g o f
persons, events, o r customs in regard to each other)
e.g. p e n c il s d i d n o t exist b e f o r e t h e 16th C e n t u r y
2. Determine the author
e.g. h a n d w r i t i n g , s i g n a t u r e , seal
3. A n a c h r o n i s t i c style
e.g. i d i o m , o r t o g r a p h y, p u n c t u a t i o n

 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Tests of Authenticity
4. A n a c h r o n i s t i c r e f e r e n c e t o e v e n t s
e.g. t o o e a r ly, t o o late, t o o r e m o t e

5. P r o v e n a n c e o r c u s t o d y
e.g. d e t e r m i n e s its g e n u i n e n e s s
6. S e m a n t i c s – d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m e a n i n g o f a t e x t o r
word
7. H e r m e n e u t i c s – ( p r i n c i p l e s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
am b ig u o u s words)

 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding

W h a t is Internal Criticism?

 T h e P r o b l e m of Credibility

 R e l e v a n t p a r t i c u l a r s i n t h e d o c u m e n t – is it c redible ?

 Ve r i si m i l a r – as c lose as w h a t r e a l l y h a p p e n e d f r o m a critical
e x a m i n a t i o n o f b e s t a va i l a ble s o u r c e s

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Tests of Credibility

1. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r
e.g. t o d e t e r m i n e h i s reliability; m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s ,
personal attitudes
2. D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t e d a t e
e.g. h a n d w r i t i n g , s i g n a t u r e , seal
3. Ability t o tell t h e t r u t h
e.g. n e a r n e s s t o t h e e v e n t , c o m p e t e n c e o f witness,
degree
of attention
 Thank you!

A n y questions?

40
 Te l l u s w h a t y o u t h i n k
1. Wr i t e a q u e s t i o n y o u w a n t t o ask y o u
t h i n g s y o u w a n t t o k n o w as w e g o
o n w i t h o u r h i s t o r y subject.
2. I n s i d e t h e b u b b l e q u o t e s , y o u w r i t e
the reason why you want to
k n o w a b o u t it.
 Wr i t e y o u r
questions here

42
According to Renato Constantino,
Filipino people h av e h a d mi sfo rt u ne of
b e i n g “l i ber at ed” f o u r t i m e d u r i n g
t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r y.

First, c a m e t h e S p a n i a r d s f r o m t h e
e n s l a v e m e n t o f t h e Devil, c a m e t h e
Americans w h o liberated t h e m f r o m
Spanish Occupation, t h e n the Japanese
w h o liberated t h e m

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 O u r p r o c e s s is e a s y

first last

second

44
 Sl idesCarnival i c o n s are ed itab le
shapes.

T h i s m e a n s t h a t y o u can:
● Resi ze t h e m w i t h o u t lo sin g
q uality.
● C h a n g e fill c o lo r a n d
o p a ci t y.

Isn’t t h a t nice? :)

E x am p l e s:

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😉
N o w y o u c a n u s e a n y e m o j i as a n i co n !
A n d o f c o u r s e it re s i z es w i t h o u t l o s i n g q u a l i t y a n d y o u c a n
c h a n g e t h e co l o r.

How? Follow Google instructions

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