Abstract (with Key Words), End Notes, Foot Notes,

Bibliography

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 Abstract (with key Words)
It is a short summary of published or unpublished
Research Paper, usually in 200-300 words.
Purpose:
1. It lets readers get the essence of the Research Paper
or article.
2. It prepares readers to follow the detailed information,
analyses, and arguments in the full Paper.
3. It helps readers remember key points from the Paper.

Key Words: The most 4-5 important words in the

Research Paper.
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 Types of Abstracts
1. Critical Abstract
“Government’s Apathy Towards Senior Citizens in India:
Social-Legal Critique”
2. Descriptive Abstract
“Justification and Repercussions of Compulsory
Licensing of Patents in India”
3. Informative Abstract
“Online Privacy and Personal Data Protection in India:
A Legal Perspective”
4. Highlight Abstract
“Police Accountability in India: Arbitrary Actions and
Abuse of Power”
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 Contents of an Abstract
1. The Context or Background information for the
Research
2. Hypotheses of the Problem.
3. Analysis of any Previous Known Research based on
Similar Topic.
4. Main Reasons of the Research.
5. Methodology/Tools Used.
6. Main Findings/Results/Analysis.
7. The Significance or Implications of Findings or
Arguments.
ABSTRACT: Always written after Completion of
the Research.
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 Foot Notes & End Notes
A footnote is a reference, explanation, or
comment placed below the main text that is at the
bottom of that very page in form of a superscript or
symbol.
A endnote is explanation of certain words or
information as to places, people, sources in brief at the
end of the document or research paper or dissertation.

Example: It is is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court

of India that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the
Constitution.1
1Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr.,
(1973) 4 SCC 225.
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 Bibliography
It is related to ‘the kinds and functions of legal
materials" and to "lists of law books and
related materials".
Acts/Legislations
Books
Journals
Conventions/Treaties
Law Commission Reports
Any other Relevant Law Report/material
Online Sources (SCC Online, Manupatra etc)

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Standard Indian Legal Citation(SILC)
SILC’s primary goals include:
1. Providing a citation system that comprehensively
covers Indian legal sources and material, not covered
by foreign citation systems.
2. Providing an easy to use and easy to access citation
system that will always be free of cost to everyone.
3. Introducing uniformity in the citation practices of law
journals and law schools across India, and by
extension, increase connectivity and understanding
between law schools and journals in the nation.