KNS 2153 (HYDRAULICS)

MISS HASMIDA HAMZA

THE CUBE, LEVEL 2 ROOM NO.43
EXT 4534
HP 013-8581078

Pipeline Hydraulics Open Channel Hydraulics

 WEEK4: TOPIC
CONTENTS
• Pipe network
• Pipe branching
• Head balance method for pipe network (Hardy Cross Method)
• Quantity balance method for pipe branching (Nodal Method)
 PIPE NETWORK
• The water supply distribution system in a district/ housing project
is usually constructed of large number of pipes connected together
to form loops and branches.
• It is necessary to calculate the pressure and discharge at all points
or the flow in each pipe in networks
𝑸
  𝟏 𝑸
  𝟑
a b e f

c d

i h g j
𝑸
  𝟐 𝑸
  𝟒
 PIPE BRANCHING
• A system of three or more reservoirs with a common pipe junction
for which it is desired to calculate the flow in each pipe.

B
A
J

C
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
𝑸
  𝟏 𝑸
  𝟑
a b e f

Loop A
c d

i h g j
𝑸
  𝟐 𝑸
  𝟒

•  
Requirements:
1. The net head loss around a loop A = 0 ; + = 0
2. At any junction, ;
Example at point b, - - = 0 ; at point d, + + = 0
 HEAD LOSS AND Q RELATIONSHIP

Formula Head Loss,

Darcy-Weisbach
Darcy-Weisbach =
Hazen-William =
Hazen-William

  where L(m), Q(/s), D(m)

•  
Neglecting losses other than friction for any pipe, head loss, h can be written as,
……………………………………………………………..(1)
Where Q = volume rate of flow in pipe,
K = resistance coefficient
n = An exponent
…………………………………………………………(2)
Where is an assume discharge which under estimates the
actual discharge by a small value .

Substituting (2) into (1) and expanding by the binomial theorem (neglecting terms containing and higher
powers.
= +)

For a loop, = 0, thus

………………………………………….(3)

In order to satisfy continuity requirements at each Junction, the value of SQ must be the same in each
pipe. Thus the equation (3) gives
 PROCEDURES
(HARDY CROSS METHOD)
•1.   Assume any distribution of flow in each pipe.
2. Calculate head loss, in each pipe (clockwise (+) and counter-
clockwise (-)).
3. Summing up the head losses algebraically (tor each loop).
= (Darcy) or = (Hazen)
4. Calculate = for each loop.
5. Compute Q and obtain a new flow distribution in the loop.
6. Use the revised flows to repeat 1,2,3,4 and 5, until the desired
precision is attained.
 EXAMPLE
• Analyse the flow through the pipes of the following network.
Assume f=0.005 for all pipes.
C
1524m

d = 305mm
A B
  0.513   0.513
915m

d = 406mm
D
 SOLUTION
1st Correction 2nd Correction 3rd

PIPE d (m) L (m) Q = 2/Q Q = 2/Q Q

ACB 0.305 1524 962.35 0.1750 29.4721 336.82 0.1432 19.7368 275.6358 0.1410
ACB
ADB 0.305
0.406 1524
915 962.35
138.24 0.1750
-0.338 29.4721
-15.7933 336.82
93.45 0.1432
-0.3698 19.7368
-18.9049 275.6358
102.2437 0.1410
-0.372
ADB 0.406 915 138.24 -0.338 +13.6788
-15.7933 430.27
93.45 -0.3698 +0.8319
-18.9049 377.8795
102.2437 -0.372
- = -0.0318 430.27
1 = +13.6788 2= - = -0.0022
+0.8319 377.8795
 EXERCISE
Analyse the flow through the pipe of the following network. Assume f=0.0025 for
all pipes. If the elevation and pressure head at point A are given as 61m and 45.72m
respectively and the elevation of point D is 30.5m, compute:
a) The flow in each pipe
b) The pressure head at point D

m
m
0
00 m
150
5
SOLUTION
 QUANTITY BALANCE METHOD
(FOR PIPE BRANCHING)

A typical problem concerns the analysis of flow in a simple system

linking three or more reservoirs. This system must satisfy two basic
conditions.

1. Total amount of water brought by pipes to the junction must

always equal to that carried away from the junction by other
pipes.
2. All pipes that meet at the junction must share the same pressure
at the junction.
 PROCEDURES (NODAL
METHOD)
•   Assume the pressure head (Hj) at the junction.
1.
2. Calculate the discharge between reservoir and junction. If Q=0, the problem
solved, otherwise
3. Calculate= - and subtract it to the original Hj to give a more correct value of
pressure head at junction

Error

Originally assumed value

Corrected value
4. Repeat the above process until continuity requirements are satisfied (Q=0)
 EXERCISE
•Analyse
  the flow in each pipe and determine the pressure head at
point J. Assume f = 0.005 and use
=-

Reservoir L D Z
B (m) (mm) (m)
A A 500 600 50
B 1000 300 30
J C 1500 300 10
D 3000 450 20

C
D
SOLUTION
THANK YOU!