GENETICS

Terms and Definition

 Genetics

The study of heredity and variation

 Heredity Variation

What is the tendency offspring to

resemble their parents?

What is the tendency of offspring to

vary from their parents?
 Gene DNA

What is the basic physical and functional

unit of heredity?
 Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that
arise by mutation and are found at the same place
on a chromosome

Locus
locus is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome
where a particular gene or genetic marker is located
Dominant allele

variation of a gene that will produce a certain

phenotype, even in the presence of other alleles

Recessive allele
version of a gene which must be homozygous when
inherited in order to be expressed in the phenotype
 Trait: Height
Case: Tall is dominant,
Short is recessive

T t
Allele for Allele for
tall short
 Genotype
the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and
therefore of any individual, which determines one of
its characteristics

Phenotype
refers to the observable physical properties of an
organism
Homozygous Heterozygous

TT Tt

tt
Mendelian Genetics
 Gregor
Mendel
“Father
of
Genetics”
Studies
Garden Peas
LAW OF INHERITANCE

How traits are being

passed to the
offspring
 LAW OF DOMINANCE

 when an organism is heterozygous for a

trait (meaning it has two different
alleles for that gene), the allele that is
expressed is the dominant one. It is one
of Mendel's laws of inheritance.
 LAW OF SEGREGATION

states that alleles segregate randomly

into gametes: When gametes are
formed, each allele of one parent
segregates randomly into the gametes,
such that half of the parent's gametes
carry each allele.
TT T T

tt t t
 Law of Independent
Assortment
states that the alleles of two (or more)
different genes get sorted into gametes
independently of one another. In other
words, the allele a gamete receives for one
gene does not influence the allele received
for another gene.
 Color Shape

Y y R r

Yellow Green Round Wrinkled

 PUNNETT SQUARE
MONOHYBRID CROSS
 WHAT IS A
PUNNETT SQUARE?
a square diagram
that is used to
predict the
genotypes of a
particular cross or
breeding experiment
 SAMPLE CROSS #1
TWO HETEROZYGOUS PARENT
FOR A GARDEN PEA SHAPE

Rr Rr
PARENT 1 PARENT 2
 2 X 2 PUNNETT SQUARE

Rr

Rr
 R r
R

r
 R r

R RR Rr

r Rr rr
 Genotypic Ratio:

RR Rr RR - 25% homozygous
dominant
Rr – 50%
heterozygous
rr – 25% Homozygous
recessive
Rr rr
 Phenotypic Ratio:
RR Rr 75% Rounded Garden
Peas
25% Wrinkled
Garden Peas

Rr rr
 SAMPLE CROSS #2
ONE PARENT IS HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
AND ONE PARENT IS HETERZYGOUS FOR
GARDEN PEA COLOR

yy Yy
PARENT 1 PARENT 2
 y y
Y

y
 y y
Y Yy Yy

y yy yy
Yy Yy Genotypic Ratio:
Yy – 50%
heterozygous
yy yy yy – 50% Homozygous
recessive
Yy Yy Phenotypic Ratio:
50% Yellow garden
peas
yy yy 50% Green garden
peas
Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Incomplete Dominance

 the blending of
traits expressed
by the alleles
that combine
for any given
characteristic
 Codominance

 neither allele is
recessive or
masked by the
other allele in the
pair that code for
any given
characteristic
 Multiple Allele

 inheritance
occurs when there
are more than
two alleles that
are possible to
code for any one
characteristic
Thank you!