PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Research was originally derived from the

French word CERCHIER which means
"search or seek". The prefix "re" which
means "again" signifies the possibility of
seeking the truth again on certain aspects of
a problem which was studied before from a
different and distinct point of view hence, the
word research was conceptualized.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH...
According to Reader's Digest Encyclopedic
Dictionary (1975) research is a systematic
investigation f a certain phenomenon or
series of phenomena with the use of an
established method of esearch.
Research is a systematic inquiry that utilizes
a formal method of studying a problem
with the ultimate goal of expanding an
existing body of knowledge (Polit and
Beck, 2004).
Research is further defined a scientific study
or investigation conducted purposely to
discover facts and significance of a
condition or event with an end in view of
obtaining answers to problem
(Webster,1992).
Kerlinger as cited by Tejero and Catchillar
(2004) defines research as a systematic,
controlled, empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical proposition
about resumed relations among natural
phenomena.
Is Research Beneficial to Students?

Research is not only beneficial to students

but also essential to life. It is undisputed
that researches which are aimed to
explore the recesses of knowledge would
bring about changes that precede growth
and development.
Characteristics of Research Study

1. Systematic - series of stages that start with the

identification of problem.
2. Scientific - based upon principles and methods
of science.
3. Empirical - based on experiences of anchored
uon actual experiments.
4. Formal - it is formal or designed with definite
form and format.
5. Critical - it tends to manifest, careful, precise,
judgements, and analytical, evaluations which
may prompt other researchers to look into the
realm of related problems
Types of Research

1. Pure Research - aims to discover

fundamental truth or principles of the
unraveled boundaries of nature for
purpose exploring new knowledge as a
basis for declaring new learning, theory or
law as in the light of the Archimede's law
Buoyancy. Pure research is not intended
to solve a problem nor to harmonize a
disorder. Pure research is undertaken to
satisfy an intellectual curiosity.
2. Applied Research - seeks to answer a
problem or to settle a significant issue
which provides a solution to existing
difficulties.
3. Action Research - is one that calls for a
study on a problem that needs an
immediate action. It is generally simple in
the sense that the research study covers
only a particular situation at a particular
place and time.
Types of Research as to class or category

1. Training-oriented Research - A form of

research conducted by students in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of ____ , or Faculty Research.
2. Service Research - A kind of research
conducted by teachers generally in the
tertiary level of education as an integral
part of their professional services in higher
education in line with their fields of
concentration.
3. Institutional Research - A type of research
conducted by the Research Office of any
Higher Education Institution in confluence
with vision and mission.
4. Commission Research - A form of
research conducted by Professional
researchers on commission basis for the
prime purpose of solving a problem that
calls for an immediate solution.
The Desired Characteristics of a Researcher

cited by Calmorin and Calmorin, (2000):

1. Intellectual Curiosity - he possess to find
out what affects one's success or failure?
2. Prudence - Is he prudent or patient in
pursuing the basis of available data?
3. Healthy Criticism - Does he undestand or
accept suggestion and constructive
criticism?
4. Intellectual Honesty - Is he capable of
gaining honesty reflection and fir
judgement?
Guidelines on Assessing a Problem

1. Novelty of the Problem - is the problem new,

unusual or striking? is it spectacular in the sense
that, if slved it wold be of great benefit to many?
2. Capability of the researcher - is the researcher
intellectually and physically capable of
completing the study?
3. Usefulness of the Study - is the study useful? is
it beneficial of data available?
4. Availability of data and information - are the
materials or sources of data available?
5. Cost and time limit of the research work - is it
doable within ,the time limit of the research
study? can the student afford it?
Problem

A problem is precisely a question that needs

an answer or solution. One who
contemplates to work on a research study
must first of all be able to identify a
specific problem; hence the study on the
stages of research process is the temple
of his soul, to a research study, the
problem is the centerpiece of a scientific
inqiury.
Selecting the Problem
P - Propriety - is the inquiry appropriate in terms of the
needs of the respondents or significant others? it is a
pressing a problem that needs immediate attention?
R - Relevance - is the subject relevant to the present time,
condition, and place?
O - Originality - is it an original study in some respects in
the area? is it not a repetition of a study in the same
span of period in the same place?
B - Benefits - will the findings give the greatest good of the
greatest number?
L - Legality - is the study lawful? will it not encroach upon
the lawful rights of others?
E - Essentiality - will the findings be essential to some
particular fields of disciplines?
M - Measurability - is the study measurable? does it fit the
essence of the usual acronym, SMART. Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bounded.
Research Design vs. Research Method

Research Design - is the plan, the scheme

or the pattern w/c shows the intention of
the researcher wheter he wants to look
into the truth or the past event, into the
present status or condition of a prevailing
event or into the future standing and
development of a certain issue.
Patterns

Historical Pattern - if the motives of the

researcher is to come out the truth of the
past.
Descriptive Pattern - if the researcher's
motive ids to find out the present or
prevailing condition of a problem.
Experimental Pattern - if the researcher's
motive is to figure out he what might
happen to a problem in the future if
variables/ factors affecting an event may
be controlled or not controlled.
Research Method - is the type of research
procedure or method to be used in
gathering the pertinent data for a study,
including the scheme in presenting,
analysing, and in interpreting the same, as
in historical, descriptive or experimental
method.
The Research Report Requirements

1. Accuracy - demands that the study should

be free from grammatical errors. The
results must be based upon the actual
findings and not based upon mere
conjectures, or presumptions.
2. Clarity - calls for certainty that the
discussion or interpretation is not vague or
is not susceptible to double interpretations.
3. Consistency - requires that the style to be
used should be the same all throughout
the presentation of the study.
Research vs. Method

Research is a careful, systematic, and

scientific study and investigation in some
fields of knowledge, while Method is a
scientific way of examining an issue, an
event or a problem.
The Types of Research Methods

1. Historical also known as documentary method. In looking

into the truth of the past event, the researcher should
avail himself of the use of documents on recorded
information and facts.
2. Descriptive otherwise known as normative survey. The
researcher employs the following data-gathering
procedure:
-questionnaire, interview, and observation.
3. Experimental the researcher focuses on what will be the
outcome of the study from the point of view of the future
with the manipulation of one independent variable under
control and observes the effect on one or more
dependent variables.
4. The Casual-Comparative Method - may also
called Ex Post Facto Research. This research
process draws conclusion from an observation
derived from what had already taken place. It
explains how and why a phenomenon occurs. It
seeks to study the causes of the eventualities of
events or conditions.
5. The Participatory Method - this method requires
the researcher's participation in undergoing the
activities within the bounds of the problem
sought for investigation. The researcher actually
interacts with the samples to personally observe,
evaluate, criticize, and interpret the findings as
assessed.
6. The Case Method - This method is also
called the historical genetic method, for it
derives to study the past, the present, and
the future of the case study basically
concerns itself with the thorough
investigation of the original status of an
entity and its periodic development w/c
may give birth to its future conditions.
7. The Statistical Method - it is a method
where researchers make use of
quantitative measurements. In this method
the data are communicated in form of
mathematical figures and quantities.
8. The correlation Method - this method is
utilized by researchers who intend to
describe certain phenonmena and
ascertain the degree to which two or more
variables are significantly related or
correlated. The correlation measures the
relationship through the use of correlation
coefficients. This has reference to the
mathematical way of indicating the extent
of relationship between variables.
The Researcher Documentation

1. The (APA) - American Psychological

Association. The guidelines concerning he
use of the APA style are enumerated,
(Tejero, 2004) viz:
1.1 Citing a significant paraphrased idea:
When one cites a significant idea, even if
paraphrased w/c is taken from certain
works, the author's name and the year of
publication should be indicated and
enclosed in parenthesis at the end of the
statement, as follows:
 Research ,is a scientific inquiry which uses
methodical processes intended to answer or
solve significant problems (Polit and Beck,
2004)
1.2 At an instance where the author is cited
in the text:
Polit (2004) ascertained that nursing
research is expected to generate knowledge
for the improvement of health and quality of
life of the clinical nurse's clients.
1.3 Citing a quotation without the author's
name in the text:
In a study of a nurse work satisfaction or
dissatisfaction,it was delineated that
quantitative research deals with levels of
dissatisfaction and satisfaction.; qualitative
research shows that it means to be
working with dissatisfaction and
satisfaction (Asperas, 2005, p. 53)
1.4 Citing two or more authors:
1.4.1 When citing two or three authors, the
thesis writer has to name all the authors
and indicate the year of publication and
enclose them in parenthesis, as illustrated
earlier (N.B. Comma should be placed
between the author's names and the year
of publication).
1.4.2 In citing works with four or more
authors the writer has to name only the
pincipal author and it be followed with the
abbreviation et.al w/c means and others,
as well, as the year of publication every
time the reference appears, viz:
 Selltiz, et.al (1981) emphasized the
importance of a theory if one has to draw
up a theoretical framework of a study.
1.5 Citing authors with the same surnames
he has to indicate the initials of their given
names to come up with proper
identification, viz:
Research is defined as a scientific
investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of facts that links man's
speculation with reality (L.P. Calmorin and
M.A. Calmorin, 2002)
1.6 Citing the work without author
In citing worls w/o authors, the writer has
to identify the book by underlining its title
and by enclosing the article with quotation
marks, as follows:
In putting up a functional case study of
small business enterprises, one has to use
evaluative techniques on rewards system
in human organization (Human Behavior,
"Rewards System")
1.7 Citing the corporate author
The vision and mission of the college
emphasizes the maintain of quality education
workable within the requirements of global
competition (MVGFC, 2003)
2. The (MLA) Modern Language Association
2.1 This style is basically characterized by the use
of footnotes and subscripts.
Footnotes - are notes on the references set at the
bottom of a page which are usually in Latin
abbreviations and are marked by superscripts
that corresponds to the numerical figures at the
end or statements or of author's identity
appearing on the same page, namely: ibid,
op.cit, and loc. cit.
Ibid (in the same place) is used to refer to
the same work and same page. If of the
same book but of different page, it is
presented as Ibid, p. 112. If of the same
book but of different ol. and page, it should
be indicated as Ibid, vol.2,p.250.
ex:
1Jose M. Aruego, Principles of Political

Science, Manila: University Publishing

Company, 1969, p. 102
2 Ibid

3 Ibid, pp.112-113

4 Ibid, p.128
Op.cit (opera citato) means in the work cited
may be used insted of citing again the
book title when reference is made to the
work given previously with same
intervening citations.
ex:
1 Jose A. Adeva Research and Thesis
Writing. (Manila:World Current Events,Inc.
1979, p.98)
2 John C. Almack, Research and Thesis
Writing. (Boston: Houghon Mifflin
Company, 1920. p.122:
3 Adeva, op.cit, pp. 111-113

4 Almack, op.cit, pp. 130-135

Loc. cit (loco citato) means in the same place
previously cited is used for the second time but
not of consecutive reference is made to the
same and exact material previously cited, with
the same page, same book with intervening
entries, as illustrated hereunder:
ex:
1 Jose N. Aruego, Philippine Government in Action

(Manila: University Publishing Company, 1965,

p.120)
2 Luz C. Buen. Introduction to Psychology (Quezon

City: Rez Book Store, 1991, p. 60)

3 Aruego, Loc.Cit
The Sampling Techniques

In research, sampling is a method of

selecting a representative portion of a
population (L. Calmorin and M. Calmorin,
2002).
In other words sampling is a tool that
facilitates the selection of the number of
respondents necessary to establish the
reliability and validity of research findings,
especially in cases where the population of the
study is too numerous taht to use the total
population would unnecessary affect the timetable
of the researcher.
Population - refers to the whole group that
comprises the members of the defined class
of people, events or objects (Kerlinger,
1972).
Samples - refer to the members of the group
or of the class which are the subjects of
observation and also drawn from the same
population.
There are two general forms of sampling
techniques
1. Random Sampling
2. Non - random Sampling
1. Random Sampling - is a method of
choosing a sample size from a target
population such that each member of the
population has an equal chance to be
included in the sample (Tejero, 2004)
1.1 Fishbowl or Lottery
1.2 Systematic
1.3 Stratified
a. geographical location
b. occupation or profession
c. sex or age
d. civil status or educational attainment
1.4 Cluster - is the process of choosing the
samples in cluster rather than separate
individuals. It is a sampling technique
whereby a group or groups not individuals
are randomly selected (Manuel and Medel,
1976)
2. Non-random Sampling - does not make
use of random sampling technique. This
sampling technique uses discretionary
process because the selection of
respondents is merely based on the
researcher's personal judgement.
2.1 Purposive sampling
2.2 Convenience
2.3 Incidental
2.4 Quota
2.5 Total
2.6 Snowball
Factors that may be considered in Determining the
Sample size
The size of the samples may be determined
by considering any of the following factors:
the type of research method to be used, the
number .of variables studied, the degree of accuracy
or the size of the population (Garcia, C.D., 2003).
Quantitative research where the data are analyzed by
assigning numerical values, the sample size should at
least be 30 subjects and in Qualitative research where
the study focuses on the subjective meaning of a
phenomenon or of individual cases, the sample size may
at least be 10.

Sample Sizes - in studies where descriptive method is

utilized and the research endeavors to look into the
present status, condition or existence of a problem or
phenomenon, the samples size may ideally 30, 50, 100
or 200 a number w/c may reasonably be proportional to
the population.

In studies here experimental method may be used there

should be around 20 to 30 subjects per group, for either
controlled or uncontrolled. In studies where case method
is utilized the sample size may possibly be from 5 to 15
respondents.
The Degree of Accuracy

- it is generally accepted that the degrees of

accuracy may better be attained as the
number of respondents increase provided
the appropriate sampling technique sall be
applied.
The Size of the Population

As the size of the sample becomes greater

or bigger, the smaller the percentage of
respondents from the population may be
taken into account: approximately 50% of
100 to 200 samples 20% to 500; 15% of
10001 to 1500 samples or 10% of 1501 or
more samples may be considered as
respondents and should be chosen through
an appropriate sampling technique.
The Number of Variables

Under this factor it is said that a large

sample is called for in studies where there
are many independent and/or dependent
variables or in studies where the variables
could not be controlled.
Interpretative Study - on pieces of literature
no respondents are needed but the number
of pieces of literature or works may be
considered depending on what would be the
ultimlate pradigm of the study as envisioned
by the researcher.
Characteristics of an Appropriate Research
Problem

S - specific
M - measurability
A - attainable
R - realistic
T - time-bound