Computer Organization & Architecture

Instructor Engr. Zeeshan Raza

Computer Organization & Architecture

 Computer architecture is the conceptual design and

fundamental operational structure of a computer
system. It is a blue print and functional description
of requirements and design implementations for the
various parts of a computer
 It may also be defined as the science and art of
selecting and interconnecting hardware
components to create computers that meet
functional, performance and cost goals

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Computer Organization & Architecture

 Computer architecture comprises at least three main

subcategories:
 Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a
computing system that is seen by a machine language (or
assembly language) programmer, including the instruction
set, memory address modes, processor registers, and
address and data formats.
 Micro architecture also known as Computer organization is a
lower level, more detailed, description of the system that
involves how the constituent parts of the system are
interconnected and how they interoperate in order to
implement the ISA The size of a computer's cache for
instance,

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Computer Organization & Architecture

 System Design which includes all of the other hardware

components within a computing system such as:
 system interconnects such as computer buses and switches
 memory controllers
 CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access
 issues like multi-processing
 Once both ISA and micro architecture have been specified,
the actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This
design process is called implementation. Implementation is
usually not considered architectural definition, but rather
hardware design engineering

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 Lectures out Line

 Basic Building Blocks: Introduction to the central

processing unit (CPU), input output devices and memory
units. Bus architecture
 Computer evolution
 cache memory mapping, replacement algorithm, writing
policies
 Memories: Categorization of memories based on
different attributes such as location, media, accessing
and read/write techniques. Semiconductor and magnetic
memories and their addressing techniques including
sequential access and random access. (SRAM and DRAM
) address mapping and segmentation concepts

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 Lectures out Line

 cache memory mapping, replacement algorithm,

writing policies
 Bus and Register organization
 Interrupts ,type of interrupts ,priority interrupt
 I/O modules ,i/o driven .interrupt driven i/o ,DMA
 Computer arithmetic logic unit , integer and
floating point representation integer arithmetic and
floating point arithmetic
 instruction set ,machine instruction ,type of
operand , type of operations

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 Lectures out Line

 Addressing modes types of addressing modes their

function Pentium Addressing modes
Optional Topics
 Advance CPU Architecture,
 processor organization, register organization
 RISC architecture
 CISC architecture
 Parallel and Superscalar Processing
 Single cycle and multiple cycle and pipelined
architecture

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Recommended Book:

 Computer Organization & Architecture,

 7th Edition
 William Stallings:

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Class Policy

 Grading
 Surprise quiz (5 marks)
 Announced test (5 marks)
 Midterm exam (30 marks)
 Assignment (3 marks)
 Research Paper (7 marks)
 Final exam (50 marks)
Bonus Marks (optional) (2 marks)
Class attendance , attitudes

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Architecture & Organization

 Architecture is those attributes visible to the

programmer
 Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,
I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
 e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
 Organization is how features are implemented
 Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?

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Structure & Function

 Structure is the way in which components relate to

each other
 Function is the operation of individual components
as part of the structure

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Function

 All computer functions are:

 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control

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Functional View

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 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 CPU is the main processing unit of Computer

 It control the operation of computer and perform data
processing functions
 Cpu perform calculations take place inside a PC
 The part of a computer that interprets and executes
instructions
 Central Processing Unit) The computing part of the
computer. Also called the "processor," it is made up of the
control unit and ALU. Today, the CPUs of almost all
computers are contained on a single chip

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 Memory
storage device
 I/O device
input out put device like keyboard, printer
 System interconnection
the mechanism provide interconnection b/w
component like buses

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Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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 Control unit
control the operation of CPU
 ALU
arithmetic logic unit perform logical operations
 Register
Provide storage internal to the cpu

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CPU operation

 The fundamental operation of most CPUs,

regardless of the physical form they take, is to
execute a sequence of stored instructions called a
program. Discussed here are devices that conform
to the common von Neumann architecture The
program is represented by a series of numbers that
are kept in some kind of computer memory. There
are four steps that nearly all von Neumann CPUs
use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and
writeback.

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Fetch the Instructions

 The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an

instruction (which is represented by a number or
sequence of numbers) from program memory. The
location in program memory is determined by a
program counter (PC), which stores a number that
identifies the current position in the program. In
other words, the program counter keeps track of
the CPU's place in the current program

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Decode the Instructions

 In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts

that have significance to other portions of the CPU. The
way in which the numerical instruction value is interpreted
is defined by the CPU's instruction architecture (ISA).[4]
Often, one group of numbers in the instruction, called the

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Execute & Write back the Instructions

 After the fetch and decode steps, the execute step is

performed. During this step, various portions of the
CPU are connected so they can perform the desired
operation. If, for instance, an addition operation was
requested, an asthmatic logic uit (ALU) will be
connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs.
 The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the
results of the execute step to some form of memory.
Very often the results are written to some internal
CPU register for quick access by subsequent
instructions. In other cases results may be written
to slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory

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Block diagram of a simple CPU

 Block Diagram

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William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
7th Edition

Chapter 3
Computer Function & Interconnection

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What is a program?

 A sequence of steps
 For each step, an arithmetic or logical operation is
done
 For each operation, a different set of control signals
is needed

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Function of Control Unit

 For each operation a unique code is provided

 e.g. ADD, MOVE
 A hardware segment accepts the code and issues
the control signals

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How Control Signals

 The program is sequence of steps

 On each step some logical or arithmatic operation is
performed
 For each step a new set of control signal is needed
 A unique code for each possible set of control
signals is provided
 It is added to general purpose hardware that can
accept the code and generate signals

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Computer Components:
Top Level View

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Instruction Cycle

 Two steps:
 Fetch
 Execute

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Fetch Cycle

 Program Counter (PC) holds address of next

instruction to fetch
 Processor fetches instruction from memory location
pointed to by PC
 Increment PC
 Unless told otherwise
 Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
 Processor interprets instruction and performs
required actions

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Execute Cycle

 Processor-memory
 data transfer between CPU and main memory
 Processor I/O
 Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
 Data processing
 Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
 Control
 Alteration of sequence of operations
 e.g. jump
 Combination of above

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Example of Program Execution

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Instruction Cycle State Diagram

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