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Arquiza-Methods of Research
Arquiza-Methods of Research
Arquiza-Methods of Research
Topics
Date:
Activity:
By Whom:
Place:
Results:
Signature of Adviser:
2. The thesis adviser shall be consulted
for any change/modification in the
methodology or for any incident that
may affect the study. The thesis
instructor shall also be informed of
the same.
The Final Defense
1. Oral defense will be conducted at least a
month before the end of the semester. The
thesis instructor shall arrange the schedule of
said defense.
2. The students shall submit three (3) copies of
the manuscript to the thesis instructor one
week before the scheduled defense, for
distribution to the panel members. The
thesis manuscript shall be endorsed by the
thesis adviser and certified by the editor.
The Thesis Report
Topics
Research
Purpose of Research
Characteristics of Research
Types of Research
The Research Process
Objectives
Define research.
Know the purposes and goals of
research
Discuss the characteristics of research.
Differentiate the types of research.
Discuss the steps in conducting a
research.
Definition of Research
1. Empirical
Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher. The collection of data
relies on practical experience
without benefit of the scientific
knowledge or theory.
2. Logical
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
uses scientific methods and involves the
generation of models, theories and
hypothesis
develops instruments and methods for
measurements
applies experimental control and
manipulation of variables
collects empirical data, analyzes them and
evaluates results
Qualitative Research
Analysis and
Problem Data Processing Interpretation of
Data
Theoretical/
Drawing of
Conceptual Data Collection
Conclusions
Framework
Topics
Identification of the Problem
Characteristics of a Research Problem
Guidelines in the Selection of a
Research Topic
The Title Proposal
Objectives
Give the conditions for the existence of a
research problem.
Explain the five criteria of a good
research problem.
Discuss the sources of research problems.
Be familiar with the guidelines in the
selection of a research problem.
Submit a title proposal.
Identification of the Problem
Environment studies
Policy issues and instructional
development for engineering education
Engineering technology studies
Energy
Guidelines in the Selection
of a Research Problem
The research problem or topic must
be chosen by the researcher himself.
It must be within the interest of the
researcher.
It must be within the specialization of
the researcher.
It must be within the competence of
the researcher to tackle.
It must be within the ability of the
researcher to finance.
It must be researchable and
manageable, that is,
Data are available and accessible.
The data must meet the standards of
accuracy, objectivity, and verifiability.
Answers to the specific questions can be
found.
The hypotheses formulated are testable,
that is, they can be accepted or rejected.
Equipment and instruments for research
are available and can give valid and
reliable data.
It can be completed in a reasonable period
of time.
It is significant, important, and relevant to
the present time and situation (timely and
of current interest).
The results are practical and
implementable.
It requires original, critical, and reflective
thinking to solve it.
It can be delimited to suit the resources of the
researcher but big enough to be able to give
significant, valid and reliable results and
generalizations.
It must contribute to the fund of human
knowledge, to the national development
goals for the improvement of the quality of
human life.
It must not undermine the moral and spiritual
values of the people.
There must be a consideration of the hazards
involved, either physical, social or legal.
Parts of a Title Proposal
1. Research Title
2. Proponents
3. Description of the Project
Rationale
Objectives of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Methodology
4. Research Project Duration
5. Approximate Budget
The Research Title
a brief descriptive label (10-15 words)
names the major variables that are the
subject of investigation
answers the questions of what, who, and
where
eye-catching and thought-provoking
Proponents
list of thesis group members
Rationale
This section gives the basis, motivation
and justification of the study. It
discusses the reasons why the study
should be undertaken.
Objectives of the Study
Moderator Variable
Methodology
Approximate Budget
Proponents ____________________
____________________
____________________
4. Methodology__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Topics
Parts of a Research Proposal
The Problem and its Setting
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Objectives
A Thesis Proposal
Sample Submitted to
Title Page The Faculty of the Chemical Engineering Department
University of Mindanao
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
BACK Submitted by
Voltaire S. Templa
October 2002
Table of Contents
CHAPTER
Sample 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1
3 METHODOLOGY
20
Research Design 20
Subjects/Participants 21
Research Instruments 22
Research Procedure 24
Statistical Tools 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY
33
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES 36
PROPOSED BUDGET 38
LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE
List of 52
4 Mean Values of the Level of Satisfaction
Tables of UM Students on Faculty
Performance
60
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIGURE
Sample 25
from Coconut Milk
BACK
Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND
ITS SETTING
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
1.4 Scope and Delimitations of the Study
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Definition of Terms
1.1. Background of the Study
This refers to the overview of the study
discussing the factors that lead to the
conceptualization of the problem. It
should indicate the importance and validity
of the particular problem. It must point out
that the problem has not been fully studied
or that its study would make a useful
contribution.
Guidelines in Writing the
Background of the Study
BACK
1.2. Statement of the Problem
There should be a general statement of
the whole problem followed by specific
questions or sub-problems into which
the general problem is broken up.
The research problem subsumes two
important pieces of information: the
study content and the precise objectives
of the investigation.
Problem Formulation
A problem well defined is a problem half solved!
3. What is the optimum temperature and drying time to produce the best in-shell dried
copra?
Assumptions and Hypotheses
SAMPLING CONDITIONS
Time Location
Models of Presenting Theoretical/
Conceptual Framework
Throughputs
Inputs Process or Outputs
Combined Variables Model (CVM)
Intervening Variables
Dependent Variables
Interactinal System Model (ISM)
Input
Transformation Variables
Environmental Variables
Output
Definition of Variable
4 Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal Measurement
simplest scale
describes differences between things by
assigning them to categories.
no "less than" or "greater than" relations
among them.
each member can only be a member of only
one set ; all members of the same set have the
same defined characteristic
examples include gender, nationality, and
religion.
mode is the only kind of measure of central
tendency
Ordinal Measurement
YES NO
How many levels are there Use correlation Use point Use chi-square
of the independent variable or regression biseral test
correlation
2 >2
YES NO
YES NO
BACK
1.4. Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The scope identifies the boundaries or
coverage of the study in term of subjects,
objectives, facilities, area, time frame, and
the issues to which the research is
focused.
The delimitations of the study defines the
constraints or weaknesses, which are not
within the control of the researcher, hence
they are not expected to be covered by
the study .
It sets the precise limits of the problem
area – what the researcher will include
and what he will not include. They can
be in terms of the subject and location
coverage of the investigation, including
the reasons for such limitations. Other
coverage of the limitations are
program/project components and time
span, including availability of time and
resources.
Examples of phrases to express the
scope of the study
The study will focus on…
The coverage of this study…
The study includes…
The study is concerned with…
The study consists of …
The study involves the…
Examples of phrases to express the
delimitations of the study
The study is limited to…
The study does not cover the…
The investigator limited this research to …
The study does not seek to include…
BACK
1.5. Significance of the Study
BACK
1.6. Definition of Terms
BACK
Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Sources
articles, abstracts, reviews,
monographs, dissertations, books,
research reports and electronic media.
Purposes of the Review of Literature
To place the topic in a historical concept.
To provide for the assessment of previous
studies.
To justify selection of the topic
To provide the theoretical framework.
To assist the researcher in making his
research design.
To facilitate interpretation of the results of the
study.
Characteristics of Related Literature
The materials must be as recent as possible.
Materials must be as objective and unbiased
as possible.
Materials must be relevant to the study.
Materials must not be too few nor too many.
Approaches in Presenting Reviewed
Literature
Chronological approach
Literature is presented according to the time
they were written, that is following the time-
sequence pattern.
Country approach
Literature is classified by country, or into
“local” and “foreign” studies categories.
Writing the Literature Review
OR
BACK
Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Sample size, sampling design and technique
Subjects/participants
Research Instruments
Research Procedure
Statistical Treatment
Research Design
1. Case Studies
Case studies involve studying one person
or just a few persons over a considerable
period of time. This entails discovering
and studying all the important variables
which have contributed to the history of
the subject.
2. Surveys
TEST RESULTS
Subjects Method 1 Method 2 Method 3
1 xx xx xx
2 xx xx xx
3 xx xx xx
4 xx xx xx
5 xx xx xx
Two-group Design. This involves a single
treatment with two or more levels
1 xx xx xx xx
2 xx xx xx xx
3 xx xx xx xx
4 xx xx xx xx
5 xx xx xx xx
Parallel-group Design. This is a design in
which two or more groups are used at the
same time with only one single variable
manipulated or changed. The
experimental group varies while the
parallel group serves as control for
comparative purposes
Score of Subjects
Control Group Experimental Group
1 1 2
xx xx xx
xx xx xx
xx xx xx
Pretest-Posttest Design. Both the control
and experimental groups are carefully
selected through randomization
procedures. They are given pretest and
posttest at the beginning and end of the
study respectively.
Control xx xx
Experimental xx xx
Counter-balanced or Latin Square Design.
This design is also called rotation design.
It involves an exchange of two or more
treatments taken by the subjects during
the experiment. The arrangement
employed is Latin squares in which each
variable is a form of square occurring
once in each row or column. This is also
called quasi-experimental design.
Variable B
Variable A B1 B2 B3 B4
A1 S1 S2 S3 S4
A2 S2 S3 S4 S1
A3 S3 S4 S1 S2
A4 S4 S1 S2 S3
Randomized Complete Block Design. This is
designed in which a group of test subjects
is studied only once but subsequent
treatment is applied to determine the
cause of change. There is no control in
this design but the subjects will undergo
randomization procedures.
Replications
Treatment 1 2 3
T1 xx xx xx
T2 xx xx xx
T3 xx xx xx
T4 xx xx xx
Correlational Design. It is used to
determine the relationship between two
dependent variables X and Y on how
they are manipulated by the
independent variable.
Dependent Variables
Independent D1 D2
Variables
I1 xx xx
I2 xx xx
Ex Post Facto (Causal-Comparative)
Research
1. Ethnography
Process of describing a culture or way
of life from the peoples’ point of view
2. Natural Experiment
Refers to a situation where a split or
division has occurred between group
members and the researcher is
afforded an opportunity to study the
differentiation process of social
structure
3. Case Study
BACK
Sample Size, Sampling Design and Technique
• Population Characteristics
• Experimental aims
SAMPLING METHOD
Lottery Method
Names of each member of the population are
written on different pieces of paper and mixed
well. The papers are drawn one at a time until
the total sample size is reached.
Table of Random Numbers
Each sampling unit of the population is listed and
given a number. The numbers are drawn from this
table.
2. Systematic Sampling
Called the Nth name selection technique.
Also called interval sampling because there is a
gap, or interval, between each selection.
This method is often used in industry particularly
in the analysis of pattern and process, where an
item is selected for testing from a production line
(say every 15 minutes) to ensure that machines
and equipment are working to specification.
This technique could also be used when
questioning a sample survey.
3. Stratified Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
The researcher chooses the sample based on
who he thinks would be appropriate for the
study. This is used primarily when there is a
limited number of people that have expertise in
the area being researched.
3. Quota Sampling
The researcher determines the sampling size
which should be filled up. It is specified how
many will be included according to some criteria
such as gender, age, or social class.
4. Snowball Sampling
This type of sampling starts with the known
sources of information who fits the criteria for
inclusion in the study, who will in turn
recommend other sources of information. As this
goes on, data accumulates. It is used when there
is inadequate information for making the
sampling frame.
5. Networking Sampling
BACK
Research Procedure
BACK
Statistical Treatment
Parametric Tests
used for data that are of the interval or
ratio levels of measurements. In addition,
the within group scatter of scores of each
of the groups to be compared should be
equal, and that the population distributions
from where the samples were obtained
must be normal.
Nonparametric Tests
are called distribution-free statistics since
their uses do not always depend on some
specific type of score distribution like the
normal curve.
Examples of Statistical Tests
BACK
Other Parts
Timetable
List down, in outline form, the steps to
be done in undertaking the research
and indicate opposite each step the
approximate period of time to be spent
in each phase of the study.
Working Bibliography
Newspaper article
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,
social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Unpublished thesis
Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work.
Consciousness for fathers’ stress and father-child
relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Internet
Topics
Guidelines in the Conduct of the Oral
Outline Defense
Criteria and Rating Scale
Objectives
Be oriented with the policies and
guidelines in the conduct of the
outline defense for undergraduate
thesis.
Be acquainted with the criteria and
rating scale in the evaluation of an
outline presentation.
The following guidelines shall apply in the
conduct of undergraduate thesis oral
defense.
74.99-BELOW Failed
Outstanding. The indicators of the criterion are
carried out very evidently.
Very Good. The indicators of the criterion are carried
out evidently.
Good. The indicators of the criterion are carried out
fairly.
Poor. The indicators of the criterion are carried out
deficiently.
Very Poor. The indicators of the criterion are carried
out very deficiently.
Failure. The indicators of the criterion are not evident
at all.
Good Luck
END
Chapter 5 RESEARCH REPORT
Topics
The Research Report
Objectives
Discuss the contents and
characteristics of the different parts of
a research report.
Submit a research report.
Components of a Research Report
The Preliminaries
The Thesis Text
Bibliography
Appendix
The Preliminaries
A widely accepted format in the writing of
a thesis is to start with the preliminaries
which usually include the following in their
order:
1. Title Page 4. Table of Contents
2. Approval Sheet 5. List of Tables
3. Acknowledgement 6. List of Figures
The Title Page
BACK
Approval Sheet
BACK
Acknowledgement
This page is the researcher’s written
recognition and appreciation for the
assistance and guidance provided by
people who in a way helped the
researcher in bringing his thesis to
completion. Ideally expressed in simple,
sincere and tactful language and limited to
one or two pages. (This page is optional.)
BACK
Table of Contents
BACK
List of Tables
BACK
List of Figures
BACK
Text of the Thesis
BACK
Results and Discussion
BACK
Summary, Conclusions
and Recommendations
Summary
BACK
Conclusions
BACK
Recommendations
BACK
References
BACK
Appendix
Appendix materials include the questionnaire,
letter of transmittal, verbatim comments of the
respondents, original data, summary,
tabulations and computations of data,
computer print-outs, tables that contain data of
lesser importance, and other supporting
documents used in the study. It is listed by
letter and may be subdivided according to
certain logical classification.
Che 533 References
Ardales, Venancio B.(2001). Basic concepts and methods in
research. Iloilo City: Concerns Inc.
Topics
Guidelines in the Conduct of the Oral
Defense
Criteria and Rating Scale
Objectives
Be oriented with the policies and
guidelines in the conduct of the oral
defense for undergraduate thesis.
Be acquainted with the criteria and
rating scale in the evaluation of an
oral thesis presentation.
The following guidelines shall apply in the
conduct of undergraduate thesis oral
defense.
Oral Presentation 15
Rating Scale
74.99-BELOW Failed
Outstanding. The indicators of the criterion are
carried out very evidently.
Very Good. The indicators of the criterion are carried
out evidently.
Good. The indicators of the criterion are carried out
fairly.
Poor. The indicators of the criterion are carried out
deficiently.
Very Poor. The indicators of the criterion are carried
out very deficiently.
Failure. The indicators of the criterion are not evident
at all.
Good Luck