University of Kyrenia: Faculty of Maritime Studies Maritime Transportation Management Engineering

University of Kyrenia
Faculty of Maritime Studies

Maritime Transportation Management Engineering
MARITIME SAFETY – I
SAF 101
Objectives of the Course:
1.To teach personal safety and social responsibility at sea.

2.To teach the techniques of survival at sea.
3.To teach usage of survival craft at sea.
4.To teach basic first aid techniques at sea.
Contents of the Course:
1. Personal safety and social responsibilities, prevention of marine pollution by ships.
2. Personal safety procedures and fatigue, weariness control.
3. Contribute to effective communication and human relationships on board and teamwork.
4. SOLAS, life saving appliances and arrangements.
5. Personal life saving appliances and visual signals. (Life buoy, life jacket, immersion suit,
TPA, etc.)
6. Muster List and emergency instructions, Training Manual handbook.
7. Man Over Board (MOB), survival techniques at sea, hypothermia.
8. Life Boat, Life Raft, Rescue Boat and their equipment.
Contents of the Course (Medical):
9. Basic first aid on board, basic anatomy.

10. Accidents, injuries, fractures, poisons, burns, loss of consciousness.
11. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and cardiac massage.
12. Sanitation, infection, diseases.
13. Basic first aid in laboratory.
What is Safety?
• Safety of ship
• Safety of crew
• Safety of passengers
• Safety of cargo
• Safety of environment
Safety is the actions and precautions taken to avoid any incident or accident which threatens the ship, crew,
passenger, cargo/property and the environment. Safety covers the ship, crew, passenger, cargo and environment.
What is Emergency?
• Loss of life
• Injury
• Loss of or damage to property
• Damage to environment
• Any other incident which
threatens the safety of the vessel,
the crew or the environment.
Emergency is any incident or accident which threatens the safety of ship, crew, passengers, cargo and the
environment such as loss of life, injury, loss or damage to property or damage to the environment.
Immediate
action by all the
crew is essential
when there is
an emergency
How to train and maintain the standards high at sea?
As a specialized agency of the United Nations, IMO is the

global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and
environmental performance of international shipping. Its
main role is to create a regulatory framework for the
shipping industry that is fair and effective, universally
adopted and universally implemented.
• Shipping is perhaps the most international, global and one of the most dangerous
(or potentially dangerous) of all the world's great industries.
• International shipping transports more than 80 per cent of global trade to people
and communities all over the world.
• Shipping is the most efficient and cost-effective method of international
transportation for most goods; it provides a dependable, low-cost means of
transporting goods globally, facilitating commerce and helping to create
prosperity among nations and peoples.
• The world relies on a safe, secure and efficient international shipping industry –
and this is provided by the regulatory framework developed and maintained by
IMO.
• IMO measures cover all aspects of international shipping – including ship design,
construction, equipment, manning, operation and disposal – to ensure that this
vital sector for remains safe, environmentally sound, energy efficient and secure.
Key IMO Conventions
• International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended
• International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978
relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997 (MARPOL)
• International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) as
amended, including the 1995 and 2010 Manila Amendments
• Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972
For further reading: http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Default.aspx

SOLAS – Safety Of Life At Sea
• Chapter I - General Provisions • Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of
• Chapter II-1 - Construction - Subdivision and Ships
stability, machinery and electrical installations • Chapter X - Safety measures for high-speed craft
• Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and fire • Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance
extinction maritime safety
• Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and • Chapter XI-2 - Special measures to enhance
arrangements maritime security
• • Chapter XII - Additional safety measures for bulk
Chapter IV – Radiocommunications
• Chapter V - Safety of navigation carriers
• • Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance
Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes
• • Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships operating in
Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods
• Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships polar waters
• Amendments
http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-
(SOLAS),-1974.aspx
MARPOL – Prevention of Pollution from Ships
• Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (entered into force 2 October 1983)
• Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in
Bulk (entered into force 2 October 1983)
• Annex III Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
(entered into force 1 July 1992)
• Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (entered into force 27 September
2003)
• Annex V Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (entered into force 31 December
1988) Chapter V - Safety of navigation
• Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered into force 19 May 2005)
http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-
from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx
Some of the Key IMO Codes
• ISM Code: International Safety Management Code
• ISPS Code: International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
• LSA Code: International Life Saving Appliances Code

• FSS Code: International Code for Fire Safety Systems
• IMDG Code: International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
• STCW Code: Seafarers Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code
Who inspect the ships and the companies to maintain the
standards?
1. Flag States: Officials from the ship’s registry (flag) country perform inspections to
control if the ship and/or owners comply with the international and national
regulations.
2. Port States: Officials from the ship’s port of call perform inspections to control if
the ship and/or owners comply with the international and national regulations.
3. Classification Societies: Perform inspections on behalf of insurer of the ship or
on behalf of the flag state.
4. Owner’s: Company inspectors and the captain of the ship perform inspections to
maintain company, national and international regulations at all times.
Personal Safety and Social Responsibilities at Sea
1.Comply with emergency procedures.

2.Observe safe working practices.
3.Contribute to effective communication on board.
4.Contribute to effective human relationships on board.
5.Take precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment.
Most of the accidents, damages and losses at sea

occur by HUMAN ERROR.
• Recognize Muster List and personal duties in emergencies.

• Recognize Emergency Signals
• Read and understand Training Manuals on board.
• Clearly understand the drills and trainings and act properly.
• Properly learn how to use survival suit, life jacket and other PPE.
• Take appropriate actions in response to emergencies, e.g. abandon ship, fire,
MOB, pollution, grounding, etc.
• Recognize alternative means of escape.
Muster List:
• Muster list is the document that

specifies the job for every crew member
on board, in case of emergency.
• Displayed at locations such as Bridge,
Engine Control Room, Accommodation
alleyways, mess rooms where ship’s
crew spends most of their time.
• Personal duty cards located at the cabins
of each crew member.
Emergency Sound Signals:
• Emergency Signal: 7 short followed by 1

long blast on ship’s whistle and/or bell.
• Fire Signal: Continuous ringing of bell.
• Abandon Ship Signal: Verbal order by

master. Sound signal must be indicated on
Muster List. Could be EMERGENCY SIGNAL
or 1 SHORT+1 LONG blast sounded at least
3 times.
Training Manuals:
• SOLAS Requirements
• Personal Life Saving Equipment
• Muster List and Emergency Instructions
• Life Boats and Rescue Boats
• Survival Equipment
• Exposure Hazards
• Use of Survival Craft
• Methods of Retrieval
• Emergency Repair of Life Saving Appliances
• Safety Equipment Inventory
• Ship’s Specific Plans
Drills and Training:
(Conducted in 24 hours after departure if %25 of crew did
not attend to the last drill)
• Abandon Ship Drill

• Fire Drill
• Man Over Board Drill
• Oil / Chemical Spill Drill
• Enclosed Space Entry Drill
• Flooding, Collision, Grounding Drills
• Emergency Steering Drill
• Black Out Drill
2. Observe safe working practices.
• Understand the need for strict observation of safe working practices.

• Understand the use and function of personal protective equipment.
• Understand the correct procedure regarding ventilation, air sampling and safety
systems for entry into enclosed spaces.
• Understand the concept of risk assessment.
3. Contribute to effective communication on board.
• Appreciate the need for a standard marine vocabulary.

• Understand shipboard routines and watchkeeping procedures.
• Recognize generic pieces of equipment on board a vessel.
• Respond to a given order.
• Understand the command structure on board a vessel.
4. Contribute to effective human relationships on board.
• Recognize gender issues.

• Recognize minority issues.
• Recognize the need for self discipline.
• Recognize the need to consider others.
• Understand the dangers of alcohol and drug abuse.
• Understand the methods of ship board discipline.
• Understand the employment conditions.
5. Take precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment.
• Recognize the operation sources which may lead to pollution of the environment.
• Recognize accidental sources which lead to pollution of the environment.
• Understands the basic environmental protection devices and systems in use on
board ships.
• Appreciates the clean up systems and procedures.
International Convention for the
Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS)
• Is the most important international convention
dealing with maritime safety.
• First adopted in 1914, following Titanic tragedy.
• Latest edition is SOLAS 1974 and it’s protocol of
1988, adopted on 1 November 1974 and entered
into force on 25 May 1980.
• Present version is SOLAS Consolidated Edition
2014 with new ammendments and regulations in
effect from 1 July 2014.
International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS)
• Chapter I - General Provisions • Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of
• Chapter II-1 - Construction - Subdivision and Ships
stability, machinery and electrical installations • Chapter X - Safety measures for high-speed craft
• Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and • Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance
fire extinction maritime safety
• Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and • Chapter XI-2 - Special measures to enhance
arrangements maritime security
• Chapter IV – Radiocommunications • Chapter XII - Additional safety measures for bulk
• Chapter V - Safety of navigation carriers
• Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes • Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance
• Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods • Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships operating
• Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships in polar waters
• Amendments
http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-
(SOLAS),-1974.aspx
shall APPLY to:
• Ships engaged on INTERNATIONAL voyages.
• INTERNATIONAL VOYAGE is a voyage from a country of the
CONTRACTING GOVERNMENT OF THE CONVENTION to another
country or vice-versa.
• PASSANGER is every person on a ship, OTHER THAN the Master,
crew and child under 1 year of age.
• PASSANGER SHIP is a ship which carries MORE THAN 12
PASSANGERS.
• CARGO SHIP is any ship which is NOT PASSANGER SHIP.
• TANKER is a cargo ship designed to carry LIQUID CARGOES IN BULK.
• FISHING VESSEL is a vessel used for catching fish or any other living
resources of the sea.
• NUCLEAR SHIP is a ship provided with a nuclear power plant.
shall NOT APPLY to: (EXCEPTIONS)
• Ships of WAR and troopships.
• Cargo ships less than 500 GROSS TONNAGE (GRT).
• Ships NOT propelled by mechanical means.
• WOODEN ships.
• Pleasure yachts NOT engaged in TRADE.
• FISHING VESSEL
• A ship which required to carry a single
international voyage MAY be excemted by
Administration.
Rules, Regulations and Applications for
Life Saving Appliances and Arragements
1- SOLAS CHAPTER III: Life Saving Appliances and Arragements
2- International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code)

1- SOLAS CHAPTER III: Life Saving Appliances and Arragements
• PART A: General Requirements and Definitions.
• PART B: Requirements for ships and life saving
appliances.
• Section I: Passanger Ships and Cargo Ships.
• Section II: Passanger Ships (additional)
• Section III: Cargo Ships (additional)
• Section IV: Life Saving Appliances and
Arragements Requirements.
• Section V: Miscellaneous.
• PART C: Alternative Design and Arragements.
SOLAS CHAPTER III: Life Saving Appliances and Arragements
• APPLY to ships constracted on or after 1

JULY 1998.
• If constracted before 1 July 1998,

replaced or modified according to the
regulations in first opportunity.
2- International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code)
• Chapter I: General Requirements and
Definitions
• Chapter II: Personal Life Saving Appliances
• Chapter III: Visual Signals
• Chapter IV: Survival Crafts
• Chapter V: Rescue Boats
• Chapter VI: Launching and Embarkation
Appliances
• Chapter VII: Other Life Saving Appliances
International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code)
• LSA Code adopted by Maritime Safety

Committee (MSC) of the IMO to provide
international standards for life saving
appliances required by Chapter III of
SOLAS.
• Mandotary on or after 1 July 1998 under
the SOLAS.
Chapter I: General Requirements and Definitions
Life saving appliances on all ships shall;
• constructed with proper material (certificated) and workmanships (qualified).
• not to be damaged in stowage between air temperatures of-30 and +65 deg C.
• personal life saving appliances remain operational between air temperatures
of-15 and +40 deg C.
• if immersed, to be operational in seawater temperatures between-1 and +30
deg C.
• corrision resistant, rot-proof, and not be affected by seawater, oil or fungal
attack.
• be in international reddish orange colour.
• be fitted with retro-reflective material where it will assist in detection.
• be clearly marked with approval information, including the Administration
which aapproved it and any operational restrictions.
Personal Life Saving Appliances
• SOLAS Chapter III, Regulation 7, 22 and 32
• LSA Code Chapter II: Personal Life Saving Appliances
4. Anti-Exposure 5. Thermal
1.Lifebuoy 2.Lifejacket 3.Immersion Suit Suit Protective Aid (TPA)
Personal Life Saving Appliances (LSA Code Chapter II)
Lifebuoys
Types of lifebuoy
Lifebuoy Lifebuoy with buoyant Lifebuoy with self Lifebuoy with self activating
lifeline igniting light smoke signals (MOB)
Personal Life Saving Appliances (SOLAS Chp III Reg 7.1, 22.1, 32.1)
1. Lifebuoys
• Shall be distributed on both sides of the ship and as far as practicable on
all open decks extending to the ship's side.
• At least one shall be placed in the vicinity of the stern and stowed as to
be capable of being rapidly cast loose, and not permanently secured in
any way.
• At least one lifebuoy on each side of the ship shall be fitted with a
buoyant lifeline to not Iess than twice the height at which it is stowed
above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, or 30 m,
whichever is the greater.
• Not less than one half of the total number of lifebuoys shall be provided
with lifebuoy self-igniting light and not less than two of these shall
provided with self-activating smoke signals.
• Each lifebuoy shall be marked in block capitals of the Roman alphabet
with the name and port of registry of the ship on which it is carried.
Minimum Required Number of Lifebuoy on;
Passanger Ships Cargo Ships
Length of Ship in Minimum number of Length of Ship in Minimum number of
meters lifebuoys meters lifebuoys
Under 60 8 Under 100 8
60 – 119 12 100 – 149 10
120 – 179 18 150 – 199 12
180 – 239 24 200 and Over 14
240 and Over 30
• Passanger ships under 60 m shall carry at least 6 • Self-igniting lights for lifebuoys on tankers shall be an
lifebuoys with self igniting lights. electric battery type.
LSA Code Chapter II: Personal Life Saving Appliances
Lifebuoy
Every lifebuoy shall;
• have an outer diameter of not more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of not less
than 400 mm.
• be constructed of inherently buoyant material.
• be capable of supporting not less than 14.5 kg of iron in fresh water for a period of 24 h.
• have a mass of not less than 2.5 kg.
• not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a
period of 2 s.
• be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the height at which it is stowed
above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30 m, whichever is the greater.
• if it is intended to operate the quick-release arrangement provided for the self-activated
smoke signals and self-igniting lights (MOB), have a mass of not less than 4 kg.
• be fitted with a grab line not less than 9.5 mm in diameter and not less than four
times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The grab line shall be
secured at four equidistant points around the circumference of the buoy to form four
Lifebuoy with self igniting light
• be such that they cannot be extinguished by water.

• be of white colour light and capable of either burning continuously with
a luminous intensity of not less than 2 cd in all directions or flashing at a
rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per
minute with at least the corresponding effective luminous intensity.
• be provided with a source of energy capable of lighting for a period of
at least 2 h.
• be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the height at
which it is stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition
or 30 m, whichever is the greater.
Lifebuoy with self activating smoke signals (MOB)
• emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of at least 15
minutes when floating in calm water.
• not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time of the
signal.
• not be swamped in a seaway.
• continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10 s.
• be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the height at which it is
stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30 m, whichever is
the greater.
• be provided with a quick-release arrangement that will automatically release and
activate the signal and associated self-igniting light connected to a lifebuoy having
a mass of not more than 4 kg.
Lifebuoy with buoyant lifeline
• be non-kinking.
• have a diameter of not less than 8 mm.
• have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.

2. Lifejackets
• Shall be provided for every person on board a ship.
• For Passanger Ships on voyages of less then 24 hours, a number of infant
lifejackets equal to at least 2.5 % of the total passangers shall provided.
• For Passanger Ships on voyages of 24 hours or more, infant lifejackets shall
be provided for each infant on board.
• Number of child lifejacket equal to at least 10% of the total passangers shall
provided.
• Sufficient number of additional lifejackets shall be provided for persons on
watch and stowed on the Bridge, Engine Control Room and any other
manned watch stations.
• Sufficient number of suitable lifejacket accessories shall be provided for
persons over 140 kg and chest girth of 175 cm.
2. Lifejackets (continue)
• Lifejackets shall places to be readily accessible and their positions clearly indicated.
• The lifejackets used in totally enclosed lifeboats, except free-fall lifeboats, shall not
impede entry into the lifeboat or seating, including operation of the seat belts in
the lifeboat.
• Lifejackets selected for free-fall lifeboats, and the manner in which they are
carried or worn, shall not interfere with entry into the lifeboat, occupant safety or
operation of the lifeboat.
• Additionally, every passanger ship shall carry lifejackets for not less than 5% of the
total number of persons on board. These additional lifejackets shall be stowed at
Muster Stations or any designated place on deck. In addition, sufficient number of
lifejackets shall be stowed in the vicinity of the muster stations so that passangers
do not have to return to their cabins for lifejackets.
• On all Passanger and Cargo ships, each lifejacket shall be fitted with a lifejacket
light.
Size of Lifejackets
Lifejacket Size Infant Child Adult
Weight (kg) Less than 15 Between 15 and 43 More than 43
Height (cm) Less than 100 Between 100 and More than 155
155
• If an adult lifejacket is not designed to fit persons weighing up to 140 kg and with a
chest girth of up to 1,750 mm, suitable accessories shall be available to allow it to be
secured to such persons.
Lifejackets
• a lifejacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being

totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s.
• can correctly don by untrained person within a period of one min
without assistance.
• it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as is
practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly.
• it shall be quick, easy and comfortable to wear.
• it allows the wearer to jump into the water from a height of at least
4.5m while holding on to the lifejacket, and from a height of at least 1 m
with arms held overhead, without injury and without dislodging or
damaging the lifejacket or its attachments.
• Child lifejacket shall be constructed and perform the same as an adult lifejacket.
• Child lifejacket shall only be required to lift the mouth of an exhausted or
unconscious wearer clear of the water a distance appropriate to the size of the
intended wearer.
• All lifejacket shall be marked with either ‘’Child’’ or ‘’Adult’’.
• An adult lifejacket shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and to
board a survival craft.
• An adult lifejacket lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less
than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined backwards at an angle of
not less than 20° from the vertical position.
• Adult lifejacket turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any
position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in not more than 5 s.
• A lifejacket shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after 24h
submersion in fresh water.
• Each lifejacket shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord and self
igniting light.
Lifejacket Lights
Each lifejacket light shall;
• have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all

directions.
• have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous
intensity of 0.75 cd for a period of at least 8 hours.
• be of white colour.
If it is a flashing light, additionally it shall;
• be provided with a manually operated switch.
• flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than
70 flashes per min with an effective luminous intensity of at
least 0.75 cd.
Inflatable Lifejacket
• inflatable lifejacket is a lifejacket which depends on
inflation for buoyancy and shall have not less than two
separate compartments.
• inflatable lifejackets shall comply with all of the
lifejacket requirements.
• inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a
device to permit inflation by a single manual motion and
be capable of being inflated by mouth.
3. Immersion Suit
lmmersion suit is a protective suit which reduces the body heat loss of a person wearing it in
cold water.
• An immersion suit of an appropriate size shall be provided for every person assigned to
crew the rescue boat or assigned to the marine evacuation system party.
• If the ship constantly engage in warm climates where thermal protection is not required,
immersion suits may not be carried by Administration permission.
• All passanger ships shall carry additionally at least 3 Immersion Suits for each lifeboat.
• All cargo ships shall carry appropriate size immersion suits for every person on board.
• For cargo ships other than bulk carriers, immersion suits need not be required if the ship
is constantly engaged in warm climates by Administration permission.
• lf a ship has any watch or work stations which are located remotely from the place or
places where immersion suits are normally stowed, including remotely located survival
craft, additional and appropriate immersion suits shall be provided in these locations.
• Immersion suits shall be so placed as to be readily accessible and their position shall be
plainly indicate.
Immersion Suit
Immersion suit shall permit the person to;
• climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in length.
• perform normal duties associated with abandonment.
• jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water without
damaging or dislodging the immersion suit or its attachments, or being
injured.
• swim a short distance through the water and board a survival craft.
Immersion Suit
Thermal Performance of Immersion Suit
• With inherent insulation: wearer's body core temperature does

not fall more than 2°C after a period of 6 h immersion in calm
circulating water at a temperature of between 0°C and 2°C.
• Without inherent insulation: the wearer's body core temperature
does not fall more than 2°C for a period of 1 h in calm circulating
water at a temperature of 5°C when worn in conjunction with
warm clothing.
• Immersion suits marked with instructions that it must be worn in
conjunction with warm clothing.
4. Anti-Exposure Suit
Anti-exposure suit is a protective suit designed for use by rescue boat crews and marine
evacuation system parties.
• An anti-exposure suit (if not immersion suit) of an appropriate size

shall be provided for every person assigned to crew the rescue boat
or assigned to the marine evacuation system party.
• If the ship constantly engage in warm climates where thermal

protection is not required, anti-exposure suits may not be carried by
Administration permission.
Chapter II: Personal Life Saving Appliances
Anti-Exposure Suits
• an immersion suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials.

• it can be unpacked and donned without assistance within 2 minutes.
• it will not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a
fire for a period of 2 s.
• it will cover the whole body with the exception of the feets, hands and head.
• provides inherent buoyancy of at least 70 N.
• is made of material which reduces the risk of heat stress during rescue and
evacuation operations.
• is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF telephone.
• has a lateral field of vision of at least 120°
• shall be fitted with light and whistle.
Anti-Exposure Suits
Thermal and Stability Performance of Anti-exposure suit;

• the wearer's body core temperature does not fall at a rate of more than 1.5°C
per hour after the first 0.5 hour when worn in conjunction with warm clothing.
• A person in fresh water wearing an anti-exposure suit shall be able to turn from
face-down to a face-up position in not more than 5 s and shall be stable face-
up. The suit shall have no tendency to turn the wearer face-down in moderate
sea conditions.
Personal Life Saving Appliances (SOLAS Chp III Reg 22.4, 32.3)
5. Thermal Protective Aids (TPA)
• All ships shall carry thermal protective aid (TPA) for every person
accommodated in the lifeboat and not provided with immersion
suit.
Thermal Protective Aids (TPA)
• A thermal protective aid shall be made of waterproof material having a
thermal conductance of not more than 7,800 W/(m2K) when used to
enclose a person, it shall reduce both the convective and evaporative heat
loss from the wearer's body.
• TPA cover the whole body of persons of all sizes wearing a lifejacket with
the exception of the face. Hands shall also be covered unless permanently
attached gloves are provided.
• be capable of being unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a
survival craft or rescue boat.
• permit the wearer to remove it in the water in not more than 2 min, if it
impairs ability to swim.
• TPA shall function properly throughout an air temperature range -30°C to
+20°C.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
SOLAS Chapter III, LSA Code chapter IV
LIFEBOAT LIFERAFT
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOATS
• Lifeboats are small rigid boats with self-
righting capability.
• Lifeboats are the most important life-
saving equipment that are installed on
ships for emergency evacuation of crew in
case of emergencies.
• Usually made of fire-retardant Fiberglass
reinforced plastic (FRP).
• Usually equipped with; diesel engine,
steering gear, two-way VHF radio, food
ration, drinking water, on-load release
system, signaling equipment, etc.
• Launched by Davit-Winch or Free-fall.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Construction of LIFEBOAT
• All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to enable them to be safely
launched into the water when loaded with their full complement of
persons and equipment.
• All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to be capable of being
launched and towed when the ship is making headway at a speed of 5
knots in calm water.
• Hulls and rigid covers shall be fire-retardant or non-combustible.
• Seating shall be provided on thwarts, benches or fixed chairs which
are constructed so as to be capable of supporting a load of minimum
100 kg in any single seat.
• Each lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand a drop into the water from a height of at least 3 m.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Construction of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• All lifeboats shall have positive stability in a seaway and sufficient
freeboard when fully loaded.
• Capable of being safely launched under all conditions of trim of up to
10° and list of up to 20° either way.
• Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a permanently fixed approval plate
with;
manufacturer's name and address
lifeboat model and serial number
month and year of manufacture
number of persons the lifeboat is approved to carry
the approval information
material of hull construction
total mass fully equipped and fully manned
the measured towing force of the lifeboat
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Construction of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• All lifeboats shall be stable and have a positive GM value when loaded
with 50% of the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to
accommodate in their normal positions to one side of the centerline.
• All surfaces on which persons might walk shall have a non-skid finish.
• All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy or shall be fitted with
inherently buoyant material which shall not be adversely affected by
seawater, oil or oil products, sufficient to float the lifeboat with all its
equipment on board when flooded and open to the sea.
• Lifeboats shall have a boarding ladder that can be used at any
boarding entrance of the lifeboat to enable persons in the water to
board the lifeboat.
• The lifeboat shall be so arranged that helpless people can be brought
on board either from the sea or on stretchers.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Carrying Capacity of LIFEBOATS
• No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than
150 persons.
• The number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by

falls shall be permitted to accommodate;
• the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg
for passenger ships.
• the number of persons having an average mass of 82.5
kg for cargo ships.
• Each seating position shall be clearly indicated in the

lifeboat
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Access into LIFEBOATS
• EVERY PASSENGER SHIP lifeboat shall be so arranged that
it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in
NOT MORE THAN 10 MINUTES from the time the
instruction to board is given.
• EVERY CARGO SHIP lifeboat shall be so arranged that it

can be boarded by its full complement of persons in NOT
MORE THAN 3 MINUTES from the time the instruction to
board is given.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Propulsion of LIFEBOATS
• Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression-ignition engine.
• No engine shall be used for any lifeboat if its fuel has a flashpoint of
43°C or less.
• The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting system,
or a power starting system with two independent rechargeable
energy sources.
• The engine shall be capable of operating for not less than 5 minutes
after starting from cold with the lifeboat out of the water.
• The engine shall be capable of operating when the lifeboat is flooded
up to the centerline of the crankshaft.
• The propeller shafting shall be so arranged that the propeller can be
disengaged from the engine
• Propulsion shall be ahead (forward) and astern (backward).
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Propulsion of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• The exhaust pipe shall be so arranged as to prevent water
from entering the engine in normal operation.
• All lifeboats shall be designed with due regard to the
safety of persons in the water and to the possibility of
damage to the propulsion system by floating debris.
• The speed of a lifeboat when proceeding ahead in calm
water in fully loaded condition shall be at least 6 KNOTS
and at least 2 KNOTS when towing the largest life raft
carried on the ship.
• The lifeboat engine, transmission and engine accessories
shall be enclosed in a fire-retardant casing or other
suitable arrangements providing similar protection.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Propulsion of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• The lifeboat engine and accessories shall be designed to limit
electromagnetic emissions so that engine operation does not interfere
with the operation of radio life-saving appliances used in the lifeboat.
• Any means of charger shall be provided for recharging all engine
starting, radio and searchlight batteries.
• Any means of charger shall be provided for recharging lifeboat
batteries from the ship's power supply at a supply voltage not
exceeding 50 V which can be disconnected at the lifeboat embarkation
station, or by means of a solar battery charger.
• Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine shall
be provided and mounted in a conspicuous place near the engine
starting controls.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Fittings of LIFEBOATS
• All lifeboats except free-fall lifeboats shall be provided with at least
one drain valve fitted near the lowest point in the hull, which shall
automatically open to drain water from the hull when the lifeboat is
not waterborne and shall automatically close to prevent entry of
water when the lifeboat is waterborne.
• Each drain valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close the
valve, which shall be attached to the lifeboat by a lanyard, a chain, or
other suitable means.
• All lifeboats shall be provided with a rudder and tiller. When a wheel
or other remote steering mechanism is also provided the tiller shall be
capable of controlling the rudder in case of failure of the steering
mechanism.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Fittings of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• Except in the vicinity of the rudder and propeller, suitable handholds
shall be provided or a buoyant lifeline shall be fixed around the
outside of the lifeboat above the waterline and within reach of a
person in the water.
• Lifeboats which are not self-righting when capsized shall have suitable
handholds on the underside of the hull to enable persons to cling to
the lifeboat.
• All lifeboats shall be fitted with sufficient watertight lockers or
compartments to provide for the storage of the small items of
equipment, water and provisions.
• Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except a free-fall
lifeboat, shall be fitted with a automatic release mechanism.
• The release mechanism shall be arranged to released simultaneously.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Fittings of LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• Every lifeboat shall be fitted with a device to secure a painter near its
bow. Except for free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing device shall
include a release device to enable the painter to be released from
inside the lifeboat.
• Lifeboats intended for launching down the side of a ship shall have
skates and fenders as necessary to facilitate launching and prevent
damage to the lifeboat.
• A manually controlled exterior light shall be fitted. The light shall be
white and be capable of operating continuously for at least 12 h.
• A manually controlled interior light shall be. fitted inside the lifeboat
capable of continuous operation for a period of at least 12 h.
• Every lifeboat shall be so arranged that an adequate view forward, aft
and to both sides is provided from the control and steering position.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFEBOATS
OPEN TYPE LIFEBOAT (NOT IN USE) TOTALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT FREE FALL LIFEBOAT

SURVIVAL CRAFTS
OPEN TYPE LIFEBOATS
• No more in use, only on old ships allowed
by Authority.
• They are open with no roof or protection
cover.
• Usually hand driven by oars but also
supplied can be ignition engines as a
replacement of oars.
• Due to its open type construction, it is not
guarantee %100 safety.
• Due to its older design and little safety
features they are obsolete.
• Not in use anymore.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOATS
• Permanently attached rigid covers extending
at least %20 of total length of lifeboat from
stem and stern of the boat.
• Remaining area shall be permanently
attached with foldable canopy.
• Rigid covers and foldable canopy together
shall provide %100 totally enclose space.
• Lifeboat shall have entrances on both ends
and both sides.
• Entrances on both ends on rigid cover shall
be watertight when closed.
• The foldable canopy shall be; (next page)
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• Provided with rigid section to erect the canopy.
• Easily erected by no more than two people.
• Insulated to protect the occupants against heat and cold by means
of not less than two layers of material separated by an air gap or
other equally efficient means.
• Its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior is of a colour
which does not cause discomfort to the occupants.
• Entrances in the canopy are provided with efficient adjustable
closing arrangements which can be easily and quickly opened and
closed from inside or outside so as to permit ventilation but exclude
seawater, wind and cold.
• With the entrances closed, it admits sufficient air for the occupants
at all times.
• It has means for collecting rainwater.
• The occupants can escape in the event of the lifeboat capsizing.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TOTALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOATS
• Totally enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with a rigid
watertight enclosure which completely encloses the
lifeboat.
• Provides shelter for the occupants.
• Access to the lifeboat is provided by hatches which can
be closed to make the lifeboat watertight.
• Access hatches are capable of being opened and closed
from both inside and outside.
• It is possible to row the lifeboat.
• It is capable to protect and support the entire mass of
the lifeboat, including all equipment, machinery and its
full complement of persons EVEN IF IT IS CAPSIZED.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TOTALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• It has windows to provide sufficient daylight to the
inside of the lifeboat with the hatches closed.
• Its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior of
a light colour.
• Access to the lifeboat is provided by hatches which can
be closed to make the lifeboat watertight.
• It has handrails to provide a secure handhold for
persons moving about the exterior of the lifeboat, and
aid embarkation and disembarkation.
• Persons have access to their seats from an entrance
without having to climb over any other obstructions.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
• During operation of the engine with the enclosure
closed, the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat
shall never be above or below the outside atmospheric
pressure by more than 20 hPa.
• Safety belt shall be fitted at each indicated seating
position. The safety belt shall be designed to hold a
person with a mass of 100 kg securely in place when the
lifeboat is in a capsized position.
• The stability of the lifeboat shall be such that it is
inherently or automatically self-righting.
• In the event of capsizing, it will automatically attain a
position that will provide an above water escape for its
occupants.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
• When the lifeboat is in the stable flooded condition, the
water level inside the lifeboat, shall not be more than 500
mm above the seat pan at any occupant seating position.
• The design of all engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other
openings shall be such that water is excluded from the
engine when the lifeboat capsizes and re-rights.
• The engine and transmission shall be controlled from the
helmsman's position.
• The engine and engine installation shall be capable of
running in any position during capsize and continue to run
after the lifeboat returns to the upright or shall
automatically stop on capsizing and be easily restarted
after the lifeboat returns to the upright.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
• The design of the fuel and lubricating systems shall
prevent the loss of fuel and the loss of more than 250 mL
of lubricating oil from the engine during capsize.
• Air-cooled engines shall have a duct system to take in
cooling air from and exhaust it to the outside of the
lifeboat.
• Manually operated dampers shall be provided to enable
cooling air to be taken in from, and exhausted to, the
interior of the lifeboat.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
FREE FALL LIFEBOATS
• Free fall lifeboats shall comply with all rules and
regulations of totally enclosed lifeboats. In addition;
• Free-fall lifeboats shall be fitted with a SAFETY HARNESS
at each seat to hold a person with a mass of 100 kg
securely in place during a free-fall launch as well as with
the lifeboat in capsized position.
• The carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is the
number of persons having an average mass of 82.5 kg
that can be provided with a seat without interfering
with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of
the lifeboat's equipment.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
FREE FALL LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• Each seat shall be provided with a suitable locking
harness capable of quick release under tension to
restrain the body of the occupant during launching.
• The angle between the seat pan and the seat back shall
be at least 90°. The width of the seat pan shall be al least
480 mm.
• The seating surface shall be smooth and shaped and
provided with cushioning of at least 10 mm over all
contact areas.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
FREE FALL LIFEBOATS (Continue)
• Each free-fall lifeboat shall make positive headway
immediately after water entry and shall not come into
contact with the ship after a free-fall launching against a
trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way.
• Each free-fall lifeboat shall be fitted with a release system
which shall;
 have two independent activation systems for the release mechanisms
which may only be operated from inside the lifeboat and be marked in a
colour that contrasts with its surroundings.
 be adequately protected against accidental or premature use.
 be so arranged as to release the boat under any condition of loading
from no load up to at least 200% of the normal load.
 be designed to test the release system without launching the lifeboat.
 be adequately protected against accidental or premature use.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOATS on TANKERS
Additionally on Tankers;
Totally enclosed and Free-fall lifeboats shall be
• With a self-contained air support system for a period of

not less than 10 minutes.
• Fire protected with water spray system

SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Markings
• The number of persons for which the lifeboat is
approved, for passenger ships and/or cargo ships, as
applicable, shall be clearly marked on it in clear
permanent characters.
• The name and port of registry of the ship to which the
lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each side of the
lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman
alphabet.
• Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat
belongs and
• the number of the lifeboat shall be marked in such a
way that they are visible from above.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Except for free-fall lifeboats, sufficient BUOYANT OARS to make headway in calm seas. CRUTCHES OR
EQUIVALENT ARRANGEMENTS shall be provided for each oar provided. Crutches shall be attached to the
boat by lanyards or chains.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Two BOAT-HOOKS.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• BUOYANT BAILER and TWO BUCKETS.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A SURVIVAL MANUAL.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• An OPERATIONAL COMPASS which is luminous or provided with suitable means of illumination.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A SEA-ANCHOR of adequate size fitted with a shock-resistant hawser which provides a firm hand grip when
wet.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• TWO EFFICIENT PAINTERS of a length equal to not less than twice the distance from the stowage position of
the lifeboat to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Two HATCHETS, one at each end of the lifeboat.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Watertight RECEPTACLES CONTAINING A TOTAL OF 3 L OF FRESH WATER for each person.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A rustproof DIPPER with lanyard.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A rustproof GRADUATED DRINKING VESSEL.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A FOOD RATION not less than 10,000 kJ for each person.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Four ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARES.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Six HAND FLARES.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Two BUOYANT SMOKE SIGNALS.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• One waterproof ELECTRIC TORCH SUITABLE FOR MORSE SIGNALLING together with one spare set of batteries
and one spare bulb in a waterproof container.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• One DAYLIGHT SIGNALLING MIRROR with instructions for its use for signalling to ships and aircraft.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• One copy of THE LIFE-SAVING SIGNALS on a waterproof card or in a waterproof container.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• One WHISTLE or equivalent sound signal.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A FIRST-AID OUTFIT in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• ANTI-SEASICKNESS MEDICINE sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each person.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A JACK-KNIFE, to be kept attached to the boat by a lanyard.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Three TIN-OPENERS.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• TWO BUOYANT RESCUE QUOITS, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• If the lifeboat is not automatically self-bailing, a MANUAL PUMP suitable for effective bailing.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• One set of FISHING TACKLE.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• Sufficient TOOLS for minor adjustments to the engine and its accessories.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• PORTABLE FIRE-EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT of an approved type suitable for extinguishing OIL FIRES.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• A SEARCHLIGHT with a horizontal and vertical sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous intensity of
2,500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 h.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• An efficient RADAR REFLECTOR, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the lifeboat.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFEBOAT Equipment
• THERMAL PROTECTIVE AIDS (TPA) for 10% of the number of persons lifeboat is permitted to accommodate or
at least two.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
SOLAS Chapter III, LSA Code chapter IV
LIFERAFT LIFEBOAT
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFERAFTS
• Liferafts are one of the most important survival
crafts used in emergencies on ships.
• Liferafts in general are collapsible, and stored in a
heavy-duty fiberglass canister, and contain some
high-pressure gas (CO2 and N) to allow automatic
inflation to the operations size.
• Liferafts are provided as life saving appliances on
ships in addition to the lifeboats.
• Liferafts may be either inflatable or rigid type.
Generally inflatable liferafts are used on ships.
• Life rafts are usually stored in a collapsed state in a
fiberglass container at the open decks of the ships,
incorporated with a high-pressure gas (CO2) used
for inflating life raft at the time of emergency.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
LIFERAFTS
• Liferafts generally can be inflated and

launched both automatically and
manually. A Hydrostatic Release
Unit (HRU) is connected to raft
container and ship, which release the
raft even after the ship sinks in water.
• Some ships carries a davit launching

system which allows the crew to inflate
and board the raft on deck, avoiding the
risk of going into the sea water.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
General Requirements of ALL LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1
• Capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
• When dropped into the water from a height of 18 meters, the liferaft and all equipment in it will operate satisfactorily.
• The floating life raft should be capable of withstanding repeated jumps on it from a height of at least 4.5 meters above its
floor both with and without the canopy erected.
• Can be towed at 3 knots with its full equipment, compliment of persons and one anchor streaming.
• Provided by canopy to protect the occupants from exposure which is automatically set in place when the liferaft is launched
and waterborne. The canopy shall;
• provide insulation against heat and cold by means of either two layers of material separated by an air gap or other
equally efficient means.
• Liferafts accommodating more than eight persons shall have at least two diametrically opposite entrances.
• each entrance shall be clearly indicated and be provided with efficient adjustable closing arrangements which can be
easily and quickly opened by persons clothed in immersion suits from inside and outside, and closed from inside the
liferaft so as to permit ventilation but exclude seawater, wind and cold.
• its interior shall be of a color that does not cause discomfort to the occupants.
• it shall admit sufficient air for the occupants at all times, even with the entrances closed.
• it shall be provided with at least one viewing port.
• it shall be provided with means for collecting rainwater.
• it shall be provided with means to mount a survival craft radar transponder (SART) at a height of at least 1 m above
the sea.
• it shall have sufficient headroom for sitting occupants under all parts of the canopy.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
General Requirements of ALL LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1
• No liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity of less than six persons. Minimum carrying capacity
must be at least 6 persons.
• Maximum mass (weight) of the liferaft, its container and its equipment should not exceed 185 kg, unless the
liferaft is to be launched by an approved launching appliance.
• Lifelines shall be securely rigged around the inside and outside of the liferaft.
• Liferaft shall be fitted with an efficient painter of length equal to minimum 10 meters plus the distance from the
stowed position to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 meters, whichever is greater. The painter
breaking strength should be; 15 kN for 25 people and more, 10 kN for 9 to 24 people, 7.5 kN for rest (6-9 people).
• A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted at the uppermost portion of the liferaft canopy or structure and the
light shall be white, and it must operate for at least 12 hours with a luminous intensity of not less than 4.3
candela in all directions. If the flash light is fitted, it shall flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more
than 70 flashes per minute for the 12 hours operating period with an equivalent effective luminous intensity. The
lamp shall light automatically when the canopy is erected. Batteries shall be of a type that does not deteriorate
due to dampness or humidity in the stowed liferaft.
• A manually controlled interior light shall be fitted inside the liferaft capable of continuous operation for a period
of at least 12 hours with a luminous intensity of not less than 0.5 candela to permit reading of survival and
equipment instructions. It shall light automatically when the canopy is erected, and batteries shall be of a type
that does not deteriorate due to damp or humidity in the stowed liferaft.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
General Requirements for Davit-Launched LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.4
In addition to the general requirements of all liferafts, davit-
launched liferafts shall;
• be capable of withstanding a lateral impact against the ship's

side at an impact velocity of not less than 3.5 m/s and also a
drop into the water from a height of not less than 3 m
without damage that will affect its function when the liferaft
is loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.
• be provided with means for bringing the liferaft alongside the
embarkation deck and holding it securely during
embarkation.
• Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged
that it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in
not more than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is
given.
• Every passenger ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so
arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by its full
complement of persons.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
In general, there are two types of liferaft used in merchant
shipping:
1. Inflatable Liferaft: is the liferaft which the floating capacity

shall be obtained by inflating the main flotation chamber
by gas, mostly CO2+N, in a time interval less than 1
minute. The main flotation chamber shall give at least 2
separated compartments, each provided with a non-return
valve. Inflatable liferaft can be inflated both automatically
by gas (in 1 minute) or manually by pump (in 3 minutes).
2. Rigid Liferaft: is the liferaft which the floating capacity shall

be obtained from approved floating material, located as
close as possible of the raft perimeter. Rigid liferafts may be
entirely rigid or rigid hull with inflatable sides.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
1. INFLATABLE LIFERAFT
Construction of Inflatable Liferaft
Inflatable liferafts shall comply with all general requirements of liferafts, in addition:
• The main buoyancy chamber shall be divided into not less than two separate compartments, each inflated
through a non-return inflation valve on each compartment. The buoyancy chambers shall be so arranged that,
in the event of any one of the compartments being damaged or failing to inflate, the intact compartments
shall be able to support, with positive freeboard over the liferafts entire periphery.
• The floor of the liferaft shall be waterproof and shall be capable of being sufficiently insulated against cold by
means of one or more compartments that the occupants can inflate, or which inflate automatically and can be
deflated and re-inflated by the occupants, or by other equally efficient means not dependent on inflation.
• The liferaft shall be capable of being inflated by one person. The liferaft shall be inflated with a non-toxic gas.
• Each inflatable compartment shall be capable of withstanding a pressure equal to at least three times the
working pressure and shall be prevented from reaching a pressure exceedingly twice the working pressure either
by means of relief valves or by a limited gas supply.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
1. INFLATABLE LIFERAFT (continue)
Carrying Capacity of the Inflatable Liferaft

• Carrying capacity of the liferaft shall be equal to the number of persons having an average mass of 82.5 kg, all
wearing either immersion suits and lifejackets.
Access to the Inflatable Liferaft

• At least one entrance shall be fitted with a boarding ramp, capable of supporting a person weighing 100 kg
sitting or kneeling and not holding onto any other part of the liferaft, to enable persons to board the liferaft from
the sea.
• Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of which shall be
situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.
• There shall be means of arrangements inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from
the ladder.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
Stability of Inflatable Liferafts

• Every inflatable liferaft shall be so constructed that, when fully inflated and floating with the canopy uppermost,
it is stable in a seaway.
• The stability of the liferaft when in the inverted position shall be such that it can be righted in a seaway and in
calm water by one person.
• The stability of the liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be such that it
can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.
• The liferaft shall be fitted with water pockets complying with the following requirements:
1. the water pockets shall be of a highly visible color
2. the design shall be such that the pockets fill to at least 60% of their capacity within 25 s of deployment
3. the pockets shall have an aggregate capacity of at least 220 L for liferafts up to 10 persons
4. the pockets for liferafts certified to carry more than 10 persons shall have an aggregate capacity of not 'less than 20N
L, where N = number of persons carried
5. the pockets shall be positioned symmetrically round the circumference of the liferaft
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
Containers for Inflatable Liferafts

• The liferaft container shall be so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea.
• The liferaft container shall have sufficient inherent buoyancy, when packed with the liferaft and its equipment, to
pull the painter from within and to operate the inflation mechanism should the ship sink.
• The liferaft container shall be as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom.
• The liferaft shall be packed in its container in such a way as to ensure, as far as possible, that the waterborne
liferaft inflates in an upright position on breaking free from its container.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
Marking of Inflatable Liferaft Container and Inflatable Liferaft

Inflatable Liferaft Container shall be marked with: Inflatable Liferaft shall be marked with:
1. maker's name or trademark 1. maker's name or trademark
2. serial number 2. serial number
3. name of approving authority and the number of persons it 3. date of manufacture (month and year)
is permitted to carry 4. name of approving authority
4. SOLAS 5. name and place of servicing station where it was last
5. type of emergency pack enclosed serviced
6. date when last serviced 6. number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over
7. length of painter each entrance in characters not less than 100 mm in
8. mass of the packed liferaft, if greater than 185 kg height of a color contrasting with that of the liferaft.
9. maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline
(depending on drop-test height and length of painter) • Provision shall be made for marking each liferaft with the
10. launching instructions. name and port of registry of the ship to which it is to be
fitted, in such a form that the ship identification can be
changed at any time without opening the container.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
2. RIGID LIFERAFT
Construction of Rigid Liferaft
Inflatable liferafts shall comply with all general requirements of liferafts, in addition:
• The buoyancy of the liferaft shall be provided by approved inherently buoyant material placed as near as
possible to the periphery of the liferaft. The buoyant material shall be fire-retardant or be protected by a fire-
retardant covering.
• The floor of the liferaft shall prevent the ingress of water and shall effectively support the occupants out of the
water and insulate them from cold.
Carrying capacity of rigid liferafts
• Carrying capacity of the liferaft shall be equal to the number of persons having an average mass of 82.5 kg, all
wearing either immersion suits and lifejackets.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
2. RIGID LIFERAFT (continue)
Access into Rigid Liferaft

• At least one entrance shall be fitted with a boarding ramp, capable of supporting a person weighing 100 kg
sitting or kneeling and not holding onto any other part of the liferaft, to enable persons to board the liferaft from
the sea. Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of which shall
be situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.
• There shall be means of arrangements inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from
the ladder.
Stability of Rigid Liferaft
• Unless the liferaft is capable of operating safely whichever way up it is floating, its strength and stability shall be
such that it is either self-righting or can be readily righted in a seaway and in calm water by one person.
• The stability of a liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be such that it can
be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
TYPE OF LIFERAFTS
2. RIGID LIFERAFT (continue)
Marking of Rigid Liferaft

The rigid liferaft shall be marked with;
1. name and port of registry of the ship to which it belongs
2. maker's name or trademark
3. serial number
4. name of approving authority
5. number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over each entrance in characters not less than 100 mm in
height of a color contrasting with that of the liferaft
6. SOLAS
7. type of emergency pack enclosed
8. length of painter
9. maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline (drop-test height)
10. launching instructions.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Equipment of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.5
There are two different method to equipped the liferaft:
1. SOLAS “A” PACK

Contains all the equipment required by LSA Code 4.1.5.1.
This is the normal equipment of every liferaft and can be
considered as a FULL PACKAGE of liferaft equipment.
2. SOLAS “B” PACK

This is the minimized contain of the liferaft equipment
which is used only in case of passenger ships engaged on
short international voyages (200 NM from the port) and
shall be approved by the Administration. It contains less
items than the normal equipment list of the liferaft, thus
SOLAS “A” PACK.
• !!! Appropriate SOLAS PACK shall be marked on liferaft

container accordingly.!!! (LSA Code 4.1.5.2 and 4.1.5.3)
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Normal Equipment of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.5.1, SOLAS “A” PACK
1. Buoyant Rescue Quoit: one buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line.
2. Floating Knife (Safety Knife): one knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and stowed in
a pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the liferaft. In addition, a liferaft
which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more shall be provided with a second knife which need not be of the
non-folding type.
3. Bailer: one buoyant bailer for a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons. For a liferaft which is
permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more, two buoyant bailers.
4. Sponge: two sponges.
5. Sea Anchor: two sea-anchors each with a shock-resistant hawser. One being spare and the other permanently attached to
the liferaft in such a way that when the liferaft inflates or is waterborne it will cause the liferaft to lie oriented to the wind in
the most stable manner. The sea-anchor permanently attached to davit- launched liferafts and liferafts fitted on passenger
ships shall be arranged for manual deployment only. All other liferafts are to have the sea-anchor deployed automatically
when the liferaft inflates.
6. Buoyant Paddles: two buoyant paddles.
7. Tin Opener: three tin-openers and a pair of scissors. Safety knives containing special tin-opener blades are satisfactory for
this requirement.
8. First Aid Kit: one first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use.
9. Whistle: one whistle or equivalent sound signal.
10. Rocket Parachute Flare: four rocket parachute flares.
11. Hand Flare: six hand flares.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Normal Equipment of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.5.1, SOLAS “A” PACK
12. Buoyant Smoke Signal: two buoyant smoke signals.
13. Waterproof Torch: one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of batteries and
one spare bulb in a waterproof container.
14. Radar Reflector: an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the liferaft.
15. Daylight Signalling Mirror: one daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and aircraft.
16. Signalling Diagram: one copy of the life-saving signals on a waterproof card or in a waterproof container.
17. Fishing Tackle: one set of fishing tackle.
18. Food Ration: a food ration consisting of not less than 10,000 kJ (2,400 kcal) for each person the liferaft is permitted to
accommodate.
19. Fresh Water: 1.5 L of fresh water for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.
20. Graduated Drinking Cup: one rustproof graduated drinking vessel.
21. Sea Sickness Medicine: anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each person the
liferaft is permitted to accommodate.
22. Survival Instructions: instructions on how to survive, refer to “Instructions for action in survival craft”.
23. Immediate Action Card: instructions for immediate action.
24. Thermal Protective Aids (TPA): sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to accommodate or two,
25. In addition, every inflatable liferaft shall be provided with
• one repair outfit for repairing punctures in buoyancy compartments.
• one topping-up pump or bellows.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
SOLAS “B” PACK Equipment of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.5.3
1. Buoyant Rescue Quoit: one buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line.
2. Floating Knife (Safety Knife): one knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached
and stowed in a pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the
liferaft. In addition, a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more shall be provided with a
second knife which need not be of the non-folding type.
3. Bailer: one buoyant bailer for a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons. For a
liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more, two buoyant bailers.
4. Sponge: two sponges.
5. Sea Anchor: two sea-anchors each with a shock-resistant hawser. One being spare and the other permanently
attached to the liferaft in such a way that when the liferaft inflates or is waterborne it will cause the liferaft to
lie oriented to the wind in the most stable manner. The sea-anchor permanently attached to davit- launched
liferafts and liferafts fitted on passenger ships shall be arranged for manual deployment only. All other liferafts
are to have the sea-anchor deployed automatically when the liferaft inflates.
6. Buoyant Paddles: two buoyant paddles.
7. First Aid Kit: one first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use.
8. Whistle: one whistle or equivalent sound signal.
9. Rocket Parachute Flare: two rocket parachute flares. (Half the number of SOLAS “A” PACK)
10. Hand Flare: three hand flares. (Half the number of SOLAS “A” PACK)
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
SOLAS “B” PACK Equipment of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.5.3
11. Buoyant Smoke Signal: one buoyant smoke signals. (Half the number of SOLAS “A” PACK)
12. Waterproof Torch: one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one
spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container.
13. Radar Reflector: an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the
liferaft.
14. Daylight Signalling Mirror: one daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to
ships and aircraft.
15. Signalling Diagram: one copy of the life-saving signals on a waterproof card or in a waterproof
container.
16. Sea Sickness Medicine: anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag
for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.
17. Survival Instructions: instructions on how to survive, refer to “Instructions for action in survival
craft”.
18. Immediate Action Card: instructions for immediate action.
19. Thermal Protective Aids (TPA): sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to
accommodate or two, whichever is the greater.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS – LIFERAFTS
Liferaft Equipment (LSA Code 4.1.5.)
NO NAME A Pack B Pack
1 One buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line Yes Yes
2 One knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and stowed in a pocket Yes Yes
on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the liferaft. Two knives for
liferaft with capacity > 12 person
3 One buoyant bailer for liferaft capacity < 12 person, two buoyant bailer for liferaft capacity > 12 person Yes Yes
4 Two sponges Yes Yes
5 Two sea-anchors each with a shock resistant hawser. One deployed automatically when the liferaft Yes Yes
inflates and one spare
6 Two buoyant paddles Yes Yes
7 Three tin-openers and a pair of scissors. Safety knives containing special tin-opener blades are accepted. Yes No
8 One first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use Yes Yes
9 One whistle or equivalent sound signal Yes Yes
10 Four rocket parachute flares Yes Half
11 Six hand flares Yes Half
12 Two buoyant smoke signals Yes Half
SURVIVAL CRAFTS – LIFERAFTS
Liferaft Equipment (LSA Code 4.1.5.)
NO NAME A Pack B Pack
13 One waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of batteries and Yes Yes
one spare bulb in a waterproof container
14 An efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the liferaft Yes Yes
15 One daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and aircraft Yes Yes
16 One copy of the life-saving signals on a waterproof card or in a waterproof container Yes Yes
17 One set of fishing tackle Yes No
18 A food ration totaling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate Yes No
19 Watertight receptacles containing a total of 1.5 of fresh water for each person Yes No
20 One rustproof graduated drinking vessel Yes No
21 Anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each person Yes Yes
22 Instructions on how to survive Yes Yes
23 Instructions for immediate action Yes Yes
24 Thermal protective aids sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to Yes Yes
accommodate or two, whichever is the greater
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Launching of LIFERAFTS
Automatic Launching Davit Launching Throw overboard Launching
!!!! Each liferaft (except the liferafts that are stored at bow or stern) should be connect
with hull through HRU and weak link!!!!
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Free-Float Arrangements of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.6
• Free-float arrangements of a liferaft generally consist of three
different systems.
1. Painter System: The liferaft painter system shall provide a

connection between the ship and the liferaft. It shall be so
arranged to ensure that the liferaft is not dragged under by
the sinking ship when released.
2. Weak Link: is the connection between the ship and the

HRU. If a weak link is used in the float-free arrangement, it
shall;
• not be broken by the force required to pull the painter
from the liferaft container.
• if applicable, be of sufficient strength to permit the
inflation of the liferaft.
• break under a strain of 2.2 ± 0.4 kN.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Free-Float Arrangements of LIFERAFTS, LSA Code 4.1.6
3. Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU): is a part of the liferaft lashing used for automatic
liferaft release. At up to 4m water pressure activates release mechanism and the
liferaft is free to float clear to the surface.
If a hydrostatic release unit is used in the float-free arrangements, it shall;
• be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent malfunction of the unit.
Galvanizing or other forms of metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release
unit shall not be accepted.
• automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not more than 4 meters.
• have drains to prevent the accumulation of water in the hydro-static chamber
when the unit is in its normal position.
• be so constructed as to prevent release when seas wash over the unit.
• be permanently marked on its exterior with its type and serial number.
• be permanently marked, on the unit or identification plate securely attached to
the unit, with the date of manufacture, type and serial number and whether the
unit is suitable for use with a liferaft with a capacity of more than 25 persons.
• be such that each part connected to the painter system has a strength of not less
than that required for the painter.
• if disposable marked with a means of determining its date of expiry.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Free-Float Arrangements of LIFERAFTS and their correct installation
New version of HRU Old version of HRU
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
What is the HRU and its Purpose
• HRU is a type of arrangements leads to automatic operation of
liferafts which means automatic inflation and releasing of liferafts.
• When there is enough time to launch liferafts manually, Senhouse
or Pelican Slip released manually from HRU and liferaft container
dropped to the sea with painter line attached to it. Than, sudden
pull of the painter line from ship side release the gas (CO2 gas) in
cylinder and liferaft inflated.
• But, when there is NOT enough time and when a ship is sinking,
HRU mechanism come to play. When ship start sinking, the liferaft
attached to the ship will be detached by the help of HRU
mechanism. BUT HOW???
• HRU will get activated when sunk to 1.5 meters under water due
the water pressure. When it reaches 4 meters under water, HRU
automatically cuts the lashing arrangements of the liferaft and
liferaft released from its position (Cradle) on the ship.
• At this moment, liferaft released from its position by activation of
HRU but still attached to the ship by the painter line. This is the
moment when Weak Link is come to play.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
What is the WEAK LINK and its Purpose
• In this moment, liferaft released from its position but still attached to the ship by painter.
• Meanwhile, ship continue to sinking and the painter line slack away from the liferaft by downward movement
of the ship.
• When maximum length of the painter line slacked away, a jerk or shock will take place on liferaft which will
activate the gas in cylinder to open the container of the liferaft and inflate.
• In the same time, inflation of the liferaft will force the liferaft to move upwards and float. This will lead to
break the WEAK LINK and detach the painter line of the liferaft from the ship and prevent the sinking of the
liferaft with ship itself.
SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Correct Installation of the PAINTER LINE, HYDROSTATIC RELEASE UNIT (HRU) and WEAK LINK
!! In order to use liferaft when needed, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO INSTALL THE PAINTER LINE,
HRU AND WEAK LINK CORRECTLY.!!
New version of HRU Old version of HRU
• As there are different type of HRU mechanisms, there are
several connection methods between HRU and ship’s hull.
• Figure A shows different HRU and Figure B, C, D and E shows
correct connection of Painter Line, HRU and the Weak Link.
• The Painter line of each life raft(except the liferafts that are
stored at bow or stern) should be connect with hull through
HRU and weak link as shown in Figure B and C. The main
purpose of these connection methods is if life raft need to be
thrown overboard by man, then the painter line is firmly
connected with hull through HRU; in case of ship sinking, the
painter line is connected with hull through weak link.
• The HRU should automatically release life raft when at a
depth of not more than 4 meters under water, and it’s
designed that the structure should not be disengaged when
subjected to waves. When the ship sank, the life raft sank
with the ship, reaching a certain depth (no more than 4
meters), the HRU automatically release, at this time the life
raft is connected depends on the painter line and weak link
with the hull, life raft will float up by it’s own buoyancy, the
painter line that connected with hull will release the life raft
subjected to the tension, finally the weak link broken under
the tension at 1.8KN ~ 2.6KN and disengage the life raft from
the hull.
• The picture D and E are right connection of HRU,
while F and G are wrong.
• In Figure D and E, the painter line(green one) is connected

with HRU through a shackle and HRU is connected with hull,
but the weak like(red one) is connected with shackle on
painter line and hull; when HRU released by pressure of
water, the shackle on painter line also disengaged from the
HRU. At this time the life raft connection with the hull
depends on the painter line and weak link. When the
maximum painter line unfold, the liferaft will be automatically
inflated, the weak link also broken by tension, and liferaft will
unattached from the ship and will float to the sea surface by
buoyancy as designed.
• In Figure F and G, although HRU automatically released and

weak link broken by buoyancy of the life raft, it is still
attached to the ship’s hull because of the direct connection
between the shackle on painter line and Senhouse or Pelican
Slip tied on life raft (blue one). (The HRU connected to the
liferaft with Senhouse or Pelican Slip on top and connected
with cradle (ship’s hull) on bottom.
RESCUE BOATS
TYPES OF RESCUE BOAT
1. RESCUE BOAT:
A davit-launched, motor-propelled light boat provided to

perform man-overboard retrieval and raft marshalling duties.
The boat may be of either rigid or inflated construction or a
combination of both. Usually, it is a semi-rigid structure with the
inflated chambers and an outboard engine.
2. FAST RESCUE BOAT:
A self-righting, self-bailing rigid or rigid inflated light boat with

at speed of least 20 knots in calm sea and steered by a wheel at
a helmsman’s position remote from the tiller.
RESCUE BOATS
General Requirements for all Rescue Boats
• All rescue boats shall comply with general requirements of the
lifeboat.
• A lifeboat may be approved and used as a rescue boat if it
meets all of the requirements of rescue boat.
• Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated construction or a
combination of both and shall be not less than 3.8 m and not
more than 8.5 m in length and be capable of carrying at least
five seated persons and a person lying on a stretcher all
wearing immersion suits and lifejackets if required.
• Unless the rescue boat has adequate sheer, it shall be provided
with a bow cover extending for not less than 15% of its length.
• Every rescue boat shall be provided with sufficient fuel and be
capable of maneuvering at a speed of at least 6 knots and
maintaining that speed, for a period of at least 4 h, when
loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.
• Rescue boats shall be fitted with weathertight stowage for small
items of equipment.
RESCUE BOATS
General Requirements (continue)
• Rescue boats shall have sufficient mobility and maneuverability in a
seaway to enable persons to be retrieved from the water, marshal
liferafts and tow the largest liferaft carried on the ship when loaded with
its full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent at a
speed of at least 2 knots.
• A rescue boat shall be fitted with an inboard engine or outboard motor. If
it is fitted with an outboard motor, the rudder and tiller may form part of
the engine.
• Arrangements for towing shall be permanently fitted in rescue boats and
shall be sufficiently strong to marshal or tow liferafts as required.
• Unless expressly provided otherwise, every rescue boat shall be provided
with effective means of bailing or be automatically self-bailing.
• Every rescue boat shall be so arranged that an adequate view forward,
aft and to both sides is provided from the control and steering position
for safe launching and maneuvering and, in particular, with regard to
visibility of areas and crew members essential to man-overboard retrieval
and marshalling of survival craft.
RESCUE BOATS
Additional Requirements for FAST RESCUE BOATS
• Fast rescue boats shall be so constructed to be capable of being safely
launched and retrieved under adverse weather and sea conditions.
• Fast rescue boats shall have a hull length of not less than 6 m and not
more than 8.5 m, including inflated structures or fixed fenders.
• Fast rescue boats shall be capable of maneuvering, for a period of at least
4 h, at a speed of at least 20 knots in calm water with a crew of 3 persons
and at least 8 knots when loaded with its full complement of persons and
equipment.
• Fast rescue boats shall be self-righting or capable of being readily
righted by not more than two of their crew.
• Fast rescue boats shall be self-bailing or be capable of being rapidly
cleared of water.
• Fast rescue boats shall be steered by a wheel at the helmsman's position
remote from the tiller. An emergency steering system providing direct
control of the rudder, water jet, or outboard motor shall also be
provided.
RESCUE BOATS
Additional Requirements for FAST RESCUE BOATS (continue)
• Engines in fast rescue boats shall stop automatically or be stopped by the
helmsman's emergency release switch in case of rescue boat capsize.
When the rescue boat has righted, each engine or motor shall be capable
of being restarted provided that the helmsman's emergency release, if
fitted, has been reset.
• Fast rescue boats shall, if possible, be equipped with an easily and safely
operated fixed single-point suspension arrangement or equivalent.
• A rigid fast rescue boat shall be constructed in such a way that, when
suspended by its lifting point, it is of sufficient strength to withstand a
load of 4 times the mass of its full complement of persons and
equipment without residual deflection upon removal of the load.
• The normal equipment of a fast rescue boat shall include a VHF
radiocommunication set which is hands-free and watertight.
RESCUE BOATS
Rescue Boat Equipment
• All items of rescue boat equipment, with the exception of
boat-hooks which shall be kept free for fending-off purposes,
shall be secured within the rescue boat by lashings, storage
in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or similar
mounting arrangements, or other suitable means.
• All items of rescue boat equipment shall be as small and of as

little mass as possible and shall be packed in suitable and
compact form.
RESCUE BOATS
The normal equipment of every rescue boat shall consist of:
• sufficient buoyant oars or paddles to make headway in calm seas. Thole pins, crutches or equivalent
arrangements shall be provided for each oar. Thole pins or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or
chain.
• a buoyant bailer.
• a binnacle containing an efficient compass which is luminous or provided with suitable means of illumination.
• a sea-anchor and tripping line, if fitted, with a hawser of adequate strength not less than 10 m in length.
• a painter of sufficient length and strength, attached to the release device and placed at the forward end of the
rescue boat.
• one buoyant line, not less than 50 m in length, of sufficient strength to tow a liferaft.
• one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling, together with one spare set of batteries and one
spare bulb in a waterproof container.
• one whistle or equivalent sound signal.
• a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use.
• two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line.
• a searchlight with luminous intensity of 2,500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 hours.
• an efficient radar reflector.
• thermal protective aids for 10% of the number of persons the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate or two,
• portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil fires.
RESCUE BOATS
Additional equipment for rigid rescue boat shall consist of:
All the normal equipment for rescue boat, in addition of;

• a boat-hook.
• a bucket.
• a knife or hatchet.
Additional equipment for inflated rescue boat shall consist of:

All of the normal equipment for rescue boat, additional rigid recue boat equipment and in
addition of;
• a buoyant safety knife.
• two sponges.
• an efficient manually operated bellows or pump.
• a repair kit in a suitable container for repairing punctures.
• a safety boat-hook.
LAUNCHING and
EMBARKATION APPLIANCES
MECHANICAL GRAVITY DAVIT
HYDRAULIC DAVIT
FREE FALL DAVIT
LAUNCHING and
General Requirements
• With the exception of the secondary means of launching for free fall lifeboats, each launching appliance shall be so arranged
that the fully equipped survival craft or rescue boat it serves can be safely launched against unfavorable conditions of trim of
up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way:
.1 when boarded by its full complement of persons; and
.2 with not more than the required operating crew on board
• A launching appliance shall NOT depend on any means other than gravity or stored mechanical power which is independent
of the ship's power supplies to launch the survival craft or rescue boat it serves in the fully loaded and equipped condition
and in the light condition.
• Each launching appliance shall be so constructed that only a minimum amount of routine maintenance is necessary. All parts
requiring regular maintenance by the ship's crew shall be readily accessible and easily maintained.
• The launching appliance and its attachments other than winch brakes shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a factory
static proof load test of not less than 2.2 times the maximum working load.
• Each launching appliance shall, as far as practicable, remain effective under conditions of icing.
• The arrangements of the launching appliance shall be such as to enable safe boarding of the survival craft.
• A lifeboat launching appliance shall be capable of recovering the lifeboat with its crew.
• Each rescue boat launching appliance shall befitted with a powered winch motor capable of raising the rescue boat from the
water with its full rescue boat complement of persons and equipment at a rate of not less than 0.3 m/s.
• Rescue boat launching appliances shall be provided with foul weather recovery strops for recovery where heavy fall blocks
constitute a danger.
LAUNCHING and
Requirements for Launching appliances using FALLS and a WINCH
Every launching appliance using falls and a winch, except for secondary launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats, shall comply
with the general requirements, in addition;
• The launching mechanism shall be so arranged that it may be actuated by one person from a position on the ship's deck
and, except for secondary launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats, from a position within the survival craft or rescue boat.
When launched by a person on the deck, the survival craft or rescue boat shall be visible to that person.
• Falls shall be of rotation-resistant and corrosion-resistant steel wire rope.
• In the case of a multiple-drum winch, unless an efficient compensatory device is fitted, the falls shall be so arranged as to
wind off the drums at the same rate when lowering, and to wind on to the drums evenly at the same rate when hoisting.
• The winch brakes of a launching appliance shall be of sufficient strength to withstand:
.1 a static test with a proof load of not less than 1.5 times the maximum working load; and
.2 a dynamic test with a proof load of not less than 1.1 times the maximum working load at maximum lowering speed.
• An efficient hand gear shall be provided for recovery of each survival craft and rescue boat. Hand-gear handles or wheels shall
not be rotated by moving parts of the winch when the survival craft or rescue boat is being lowered or when it is being
hoisted by power.
• Where davit arms are recovered by power, safety devices shall be fitted which will automatically cut off the power before the
davit arms reach the stops in order to prevent overstressing the falls or davits, unless the motor is designed to prevent such
overstressing.
LAUNCHING and
Requirements for Launching appliances using FALLS and a WINCH
• The speed at which the fully loaded survival craft or rescue boat is lowered to the water shall not be less than that obtained
from the formula:
S= 0.4 + 0.02 H
where:
S is the lowering speed in meters per second and
H is the height in meters from the davit head to the waterline with the ship in the lightest sea-going condition.
• The lowering speed of other survival craft, fully equipped but without persons on board, shall be at least 70% of the above
formula.
• Every launching appliance shall be fitted with brakes capable of stopping the descent of the survival craft or rescue boat
and holding it securely when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; brake pads shall, where necessary,
be protected from water and oil.
• Manual brakes shall be so arranged that the brake is always applied unless the operator, either on deck or in the survival craft
or rescue boat, holds the brake control in the "off" position.
• A lifeboat launching appliance shall be provided with means for hanging-off the lifeboat to free the on-load release
mechanism for maintenance.
LAUNCHING and
Requirements for FREE FALL Launching
• Where a survival craft requires a launching appliance and is also designed to float free, the float-free release of the survival
craft from its stowed position shall be automatic.
Every free-fall launching appliance shall comply with the applicable general requirements, in addition;
• The launching appliance shall be designed and installed so that it and the lifeboat it serves operate as a system to protect the
occupants from harmful acceleration forces, and to ensure effective clearing of the ship.
• The launching appliance shall be constructed so as to prevent sparking and incendiary friction during the launching of the
lifeboat.
• The launching appliance shall be designed and arranged so that, in its ready-to-launch position, the distance from the lowest
point on the lifeboat it serves to the water surface with the ship in its lightest seagoing condition does not exceed the
lifeboat's free-fall certification height.
• The launching appliance shall be arranged so as to preclude accidental release of the lifeboat in its unattended stowed
position. If the means provided to secure the lifeboat cannot be released from inside the lifeboat, it shall be so arranged as to
preclude boarding the lifeboat without first releasing it.
• The release mechanism shall be arranged so that at least two independent actions from inside the lifeboat are required in
order to launch the lifeboat.
• Each launching appliance shall be provided with a secondary means to launch the lifeboat by falls. If the secondary launching
appliance is not dependent on gravity, stored mechanical power or other manual means, the launching appliance shall be
connected both to the ship's main and emergency power supplies.
LAUNCHING and
Requirements for LIFE RAFT Launching
• Every liferaft launching appliance shall comply with the general requirements except with regard to embarkation
in the stowed position, recovery of the loaded liferaft and that manual operation is permitted for turning out the
appliance.
• The launching appliance shall include an automatic release hook arranged so as to prevent premature release
during lowering and shall release the liferaft when waterborne.
• The release hook shall include a capability to release the hook under load. The on-load release control shall:
.1 be clearly differentiated from the control which activates the automatic release function;
.2 require at least two separate actions to operate;
.3 with a load of 150 kg on the hook, require a force of at least 600 N and not more than 700 N to release
the load, or provide equivalent adequate protection against inadvertent release of the hook; and
.4 be designed such that the crew members on deck can clearly observe when the release mechanism is
properly and completely set.
SURVIVAL CRAFT
LAUNCHING and EMBARKATION APPLIANCES for all ships
• Unless expressly provided otherwise, launching and embarkation appliances shall be provided
for all survival craft except those which are;
.1 boarded from a position on deck less than 4.5 m above the waterline in the lightest
seagoing condition and which have a mass of not more than 185 kg; or
.2 boarded from a position on deck less than 4.5 m above the waterline in the lightest
seagoing condition and which are stowed for launching directly from the stowed position under
unfavorable conditions of trim of up to 10o and Iist of up to 20o either way; or
.3 carried in excess of the survival craft for 200% of the total number of persons on board the
ship and which have a mass of not more than 185 kg; or
.4 carried in excess of the survival craft for 200% of the total number of persons on board the
ship, are stowed for launching directly from the stowed position under unfavorable conditions of
trim of up to 10o and list of up to 20o either way; or
.5 provided for use in conjunction with a marine evacuation system and stowed for launching
directly from the stowed position under unfavorable conditions of trim of up to 10o and list of up
to 20o either way.
SURVIVAL CRAFT
• Each lifeboat shall be provided with an appliance which is capable of launching and recovering the lifeboat. ln addition
there shall be provision for hanging-off the lifeboat to free the release gear for maintenance.
• Launching and recovery arrangements shall be such that the appliance operator on the ship is able; observe the survival craft
at all times during launching and for lifeboats during recovery.
• Only one type of release mechanism shall be used for similar survival craft carried on board the ship.
• Preparation and handling of survival craft at any one launching station shall not interfere with the prompt preparation and
handling of any other survival craft or rescue boat at any other station.
• Falls, where used, shall be long enough for the survival craft to reach the water with the ship in its lightest seagoing condition,
under unfavorable conditions of trim of up to 10o and list of up to 20o either way.
• During preparation and launching, the survival craft, its launching appliance, and the area of water into which it is to be
launched shall be adequately illuminated by lighting supplied from the emergency source of electrical power.
• Means shall be available to prevent any discharge of water onto survival craft during abandonment.
• If there is a danger of the survival craft being damaged by the ship's stabilizer wings, means shall be available, powered by an
emergency source of energy, to bring the stabilizer wings inboard; indicators operated by an emergency source of energy shall
be available on the navigating bridge to show the position of the stabilizer wings.
• If partially enclosed lifeboats are carried a davit span shall be provided, fitted with not less than two lifelines of sufficient
length to reach the water with the ship in its lightest seagoing condition, under unfavorable conditions of trim of up to 10 o and
list of up 20o either way.
SURVIVAL CRAFT
MUSTER and EMBARKATION ARRANGEMENTS for all ships
• Lifeboats and liferafts for which approved launching appliances are required shall be stowed as close to the
accommodation and service spaces as possible.
• Muster stations shall be provided close to the embarkation stations. Each muster station shall have sufficient
clear deck space to accommodate all persons assigned to muster at that station, but at least 0.35 m2 per person.
• Muster and embarkation stations shall be readily accessible from accommodation and work areas.
• Muster and embarkation stations shall be adequately illuminated by lighting supplied from the emergency
source of electrical power.
• Alleyways, stairways and exits giving access to the muster and embarkation stations shall be lighted. Such
lighting shall be capable of being supplied by the emergency source of electrical power. ln addition, routes to
muster stations shall be indicated with the muster station symbol.
• Davit-launched and free-fall launched survival craft muster and embarkation stations shall be so arranged as to
enable stretcher cases to be placed in survival craft.
• An embarkation ladder extending in a single length, from the deck to the waterline in the lightest seagoing
condition shall be provided at each embarkation station or at every two adjacent embarkation stations for
survival craft launched down the side of the ship.
• Where necessary, means shall be provided for bringing the davit-launched survival craft against the ship’s side
and holding them alongside so that persons can be safely embarked.
STOWAGE OF SURVIVAL CRAFT
for all ships
• Each survival craft shall be stowed;
.1 so that neither the survival craft nor its stowage arrangements will interfere with the operation of any
other survival craft or rescue boat at any other launching station;
.2 as near the water surface as is safe and practicable and, in the case of a survival craft other than a liferaft
intended for throw-overboard launching, in such a position that the survival craft in the embarkation position
is not less than 2 m above the waterline with the ship in the fully loaded condition under unfavorable conditions
of trim of up to 10o and listed up to 20o either way, or to the angle at which the ship's weather deck edge becomes
submerged, whichever is less;
.3 in a state of continuous readiness so that two crew members can carry out preparations for embarkation
and launching in less than 5 min;
.4 fully equipped as required by this SOLAS Chapter III and the LSA Code;
.5 as far as practicable, in a secure and sheltered position and protected from damage by fire and
explosion. ln particular, survival craft on tankers, other than the liferafts required by regulation, shall not be
stowed on or above a cargo tank, slop tank, or other tank containing explosive or hazardous cargoes.
STOWAGE OF SURVIVAL CRAFT
for all ships
• Lifeboats for lowering down the ship's side shall be stowed as far forward of the propeller as practicable.
On cargo ships of 80 m in length and upwards but less than 120 m in length; each lifeboat shall be so stowed
that the after end of the lifeboat is not less than the length of the lifeboat forward of the propeller.
On cargo ships of 120 m in length and upwards and passenger ships of 80 m in length and upwards, each
lifeboat shall be so stowed that the after end of the lifeboat is not less than 1.5 times the length of the lifeboat
forward of the propeller. Where appropriate, the ship shall be so arranged that lifeboats, in their stowed positions,
are protected from damage by heavy seas.
• Lifeboats shall be stowed attached to launching appliances.
• Every liferaft shall be stowed with its painter permanently attached to the ship.
• Each liferaft or group of liferafts shall be stowed with a float-free arrangement so that each floats free and, if
inflatable, inflates automatically when the ship sinks.
• Liferafts shall be so stowed as to permit manual release of one raft or container at a time from their' securing
arrangements.
• Davit-launched liferafts shall be stowed within reach of the lifting hooks, unless some means of transfer is
provided which is not rendered inoperable within the limits of trim and list or by ship motion or power failure.
• Liferafts intended for throw-overboard launching shall be so stowed as to be readily transferable for launching on
either side of the ship unless liferafts to be capable of being launched on either side, are stowed on each side of
the ship.
RESCUE BOAT
• The rescue boat embarkation and launching arrangements shall be such that the rescue boat
can be boarded and launched in the shortest possible time.
• If the rescue boat is one of the ship's survival craft, the embarkation arrangements and
launching stations shall comply with the requirements of survival craft.
• All rescue boats shall be capable of being launched, where necessary utilizing painters, with
the ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.
• Recovery time of the rescue boat shall be not more than 5 minutes in moderate sea
conditions when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment. If the rescue
boat is also a lifeboat, this recovery time shall be possible when loaded with its lifeboat
equipment and the approved rescue boat complement of at least 6 persons.
• Rescue boat embarkation and recovery arrangements shall allow for safe and efficient
handling of a stretcher case. Foul weather recovery strops shall be provided for safety if heavy
fall blocks constitute a danger.
FAST RESCUE BOAT
LAUNCHING APPLIANCES for all ships
• The launching appliance shall be fitted with a device to dampen the forces due to interaction
with the waves when the fast rescue boat is launched or recovered. The device shall include a
flexible element to soften shock forces and a damping element to minimize oscillations.
• The winch shall be fitted with an automatic high-speed tensioning device which prevents the
wire from going slack in all sea state conditions in which the fast rescue boat is intended to
operate.
• The winch brake shall have a gradual action. When the fast rescue boat is lowered at full speed
and the brake is applied sharply, the additional dynamic force induced in the wire due to
retardation shall not exceed 0.5 times the working load of the launching appliance.
• The lowering speed for a fast rescue boat with its full complement of persons and equipment
shall not exceed 1 m/s. A fast rescue boat launching appliance shall be capable of hoisting the
fast rescue boat with 6 persons and its full complement of equipment at a speed of not less
than 0.8 m/s. The appliance shall also be capable of lifting the rescue boat with the maximum
number of persons that can be accommodated in it.
RESCUE BOAT
STOWAGE of RESCUE BOAT for all ships
• Rescue boats shall be stowed:
.1 in a state of continuous readiness for launching in not more than 5 min, and, if the
inflated type, in a fully inflated condition at all times;
.2 in a position suitable for launching and recovery;
.3 so that neither the rescue boat nor its stowage arrangements will interfere with the
operation of any survival craft at any other launching station; and
.4 if it is also a lifeboat, in compliance with the lifeboat requirements.

EMBARKATION LADDER
• Handholds shall be provided to ensure a safe passage from the deck to
the head of the ladder and vice versa.
• The steps of the ladder shall be:
.1 made of hardwood, free from knots or other irregularities, smoothly
machined and free from sharp edges and splinters, or of suitable material
of equivalent properties;
.2 provided with an efficient non-slip surface either by longitudinal
grooving or by the application of an approved non-slip coating;
.3 not less than 480 mm long, 115 mm wide and 25 mm in depth,
excluding any non-slip surface or coating; and
.4 equally spaced not less than 300 mm or more than 380 mm apart
and secured in such a manner that they will remain horizontal.
• The side ropes of the ladder shall consist of two uncovered manila
ropes not less than 65 mm in circumference on each side. Each rope
shall be continuous with no joints below the top step. Other materials
may be used provided the dimensions, breaking strain, weathering,
stretching and gripping properties are at least equivalent to those of
manila rope. All rope ends shall be secured to prevent unravelling.
MANNING OF SURVIVAL CRAFT
AND SUPERVISION
• There shall be a sufficient number of trained persons on board for mustering and
assisting untrained persons.
• There shall be a sufficient number of crew members, who may be deck officers or
certificated persons on board for operating the survival craft and launching
arrangements.
• A deck officer or certificated person shall be placed in charge of each survival craft to
be used. A second-in-command shall also be nominated in the case of lifeboats.
• The person in charge of the survival craft shall have a list of the survival craft crew
and shall see that the crew under his command are acquainted with their duties. In
lifeboats the second-in-command shall also have a list of lifeboat crew.
• Every motorized survival craft shall have a person assigned who is capable of
operating the engine and carrying out minor adjustments.
• The master shall ensure the equitable distribution of persons among the ship's
survival craft.
VISUAL DISTRESS SIGNALS
Rocket Parachute Flares Hand Flares Buoyant Smoke Signals
Rocket Parachute Flares
• The rocket parachute flare shall:
.1 be contained in a water-resistant casing;
.2 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket
parachute flare printed on its casing;
.3 have integral means of ignition; and
.4 be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing
when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.
• The rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300 m. At or
near the top of its trajectory, the rocket shall eject a parachute flare, which shall:
.1 burn with a bright red color;
.2 burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 cd;
.3 have a burning period of not less than 40 s;
.4 have a rate of descent of not more than 5 m/s; and
.5 not damage its parachute or attachments while burning
• At least 12 pieces at navigation bridge.

• At least 4 pieces in each lifeboat.
Hand Flares
• The hand flare shall:

.2 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare
printed on its casing;
.3 have a self-contained means of ignition; and
.4 be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and
not endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in
accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.
• The hand flare shall:
.1 burn with a bright red color;
.2 burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 15,000 cd;
.3 have a burning period of not less than 1 min; and .
.4 continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of 10 s under 100 mm
of water.

Buoyant Smoke Signals
• The buoyant smoke signal shall:

.2 not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s
operating instructions; and
.3 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the
buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing.
• The buoyant smoke signal shall:
.1 emit smoke of a highly visible color at a uniform rate for a period of not
less than 3 min when floating in calm water;
.2 not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time;
.3 not be swamped in a seaway; and
.4 continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s
under 100 mm of water.

OTHER LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES
Line Throwing Appliances
• Every line-throwing appliance shall:

.1 be capable of throwing a line with reasonable accuracy;
.2 include not less than FOUR projectiles, each capable of
carrying the line at least 230 m in calm weather;
.3 include not less than four lines, each having a breaking
strength of not less than 2 kN; and
.4 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use
of the line-throwing appliance.
• The rocket, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, or the assembly, in the

case of an integral rocket and line, shall be contained in a water-
resistant casing. In addition, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, the
line and rockets together with the means of ignition shall be stowed
in a container which provides protection from the weather.
• At least 1 set at navigation bridge.

SEARCH AND RESCUE TRANSPONDER (SART)
• A SART – Search And Rescue Transponder – is a self contained, portable and buoyant
radar receiver and transmitter designed to assist in the rescue and recovery of
liferafts and survival craft by acting as a locating device. SARTs operate in the 9 GHz
marine radar band; and when picked up by a searching ship’s radar they respond
with a signal which is displayed as a series of dots on the radar screen.
• A SART is normally stowed either in the survival craft ready for any emergency or in
navigation bridge. Once the unit is switched on it sits in stand-by mode, conserving
power until it is automatically activated by the signal sweep of a passing vessel’s
radar. The radar then instantly displays a straight line of 12 dots on the screen,
alerting the ship’s crew that there is a survival craft within 100 meters of the last dot
and enabling them to home in on the vessel or liferaft. Once activated the
transponder can remain in stand-by mode for up to 100 hours, thus maximizing the
opportunity for rescue vessels to locate the emergency within the optimum human
survival window.
• There is a new type of S.A.R.T that has enhanced specifications and it uses AIS as well.
Signals from these new S.A.R.Ts are receivable by AIS Class A equipped ships (ships
over 300 GTR) at a range of up to 10 miles, up to 40 miles by a S.A.R helicopter at
1000 feet or 130 miles by a S.A.R aircraft operating at 2000 feet.
SEARCH AND RESCUE TRANSPONDER (SART)
EMERGENCY POSITION INDICATING RADIO BEACON (EPIRB)
• An Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon or EPIRB is used to alert search and

rescue services in the event of an emergency. It does this by transmitting a coded
message on the 406 MHz distress frequency via satellite and earth stations to the
nearest rescue co-ordination center.
• Some EPIRBs also have built-in GPS which enables the rescue services to accurately
locate you to +/- 50 meters.
• EPIRBs are generally installed on boats and can either be operated automatically
after an incident or manually.
• 406 MHz EPIRBs work with the Cospas-Sarsat polar orbiting satellite system, giving
true global coverage. There is an alert delay of about 45 minutes dependent on when
the satellites come into view on the horizon.
• The satellite can determine the position of your EPIRB to within 5km (3 miles). The
coded message identifies the exact vessel to which the EPIRB is registered. This
information allows the rescue services to eliminate false alerts and launch an
appropriate rescue.
EMERGENCY POSITION INDICATING RADIO BEACON (EPIRB)
General Alarm and Public Address System
General Emergency alarm system:
• The general emergency alarm system shall be capable of sounding the general emergency alarm signal consisting of seven
or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship's whistle or siren and additionally on an electrically operated
bell or klaxon or other equivalent warning system, which shall be powered from the ship's main supply and the emergency
source of electrical power. The system shall be capable of operation from the navigation bridge and, except for the ship's
whistle, also from other strategic points. The alarm shall continue to function after it has been triggered until it is manually
turned off or is temporarily interrupted by a message on the public address system.
• The minimum sound pressure levels for the emergency alarm tone in interior and exterior spaces shall be 80 dB and at least
10 dB above ambient noise levels existing during normal equipment operation with the ship under way in moderate weather.
• The sound pressure levels at the sleeping position in cabins and in cabin bathrooms shall be at least 75 dB and at least 10 dB
above ambient noise levels.
• A general emergency alarm system shall be provided and shall be used for summoning passengers and crew to muster
stations and to initiate the actions included in the muster Iist. The system shall be supplemented by either a public address
system or other suitable means of communication. Entertainment sound systems shall automatically be turned off when the
general emergency alarm system is activated.
• The general emergency alarm system shall be audible throughout all the accommodation and normal crew working spaces.
On passenger ships, the system shall also be audible on all open decks.
General Alarm and Public Address System
Public Address system:
• The public address system shall be a loudspeaker installation enabling the broadcast of messages into all
spaces where crew members or passengers, or both, are normally present, and to muster stations. It shall
allow for the broadcast of messages from the navigation bridge and such other places on board the ship as the
Administration deems necessary. It shall be installed with regard to acoustically marginal conditions and not
require any action from the addressee. It shall be protected against unauthorized use.
• With the ship under way in normal conditions, the minimum sound pressure levels for broadcasting emergency
announcements shall be:
.1 in interior spaces 75 dB and at least 20 dB above the speech interference level; and
.2 in exterior spaces 80 dB and at least 15 dB above the speech interference level.
MUSTER LIST
EMERGENCY AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
• Clear instructions to be followed in the event of an emergency shall be provided for every person on board. ln
the case of passenger ships these instructions shall be drawn up in the language or languages required by the
ship's flag State and in the English language.
• Muster lists and emergency instructions shall be exhibited in conspicuous places throughout the ship including
the navigation bridge, engine-room and crew accommodation spaces.
• Illustrations and instructions in appropriate languages shall be posted in passenger cabins and be conspicuously
displayed at muster stations and other passenger spaces to inform passengers of:
.1 their muster station;
.2 the essential actions they must take in an emergency; and
.3 the method of donning lifejackets.
• Posters or signs shall be provided on or in the vicinity of survival craft and their launching controls and shall:
.1 illustrate the purpose of controls and the procedures for operating the appliance and give relevant
instructions or warnings;
.2 be easily seen under emergency lighting conditions; and
.3 use symbols in accordance with the recommendations of the Organization
MUSTER LIST
EMERGENCY AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
MUSTER LIST
TEAMS and DUTIES
• MASTER is in overall command in all emergencies. Master substitute is Chief Officer and Ch. Officer substitute
is 2nd Officer. Chief Engineer substitute is 2nd Engineer and 2nd Engineer substitute is 3rd Engineer.
• 3rd Officer is designated for communication duties in all emergencies.
ABANDON SHIP BOAT STATIONS

Lifeboat No.2 (Port Side) Duty Lifeboat No.1 (Starboard Side)
Master Overall Command Master
Chief Officer Lifeboat Command 2nd Officer
In general and if applicable;

• Master is in Lifeboat No.1 with 2nd Officer and
• Chief Officer is in in Lifeboat No.2 with 3rd Officer.
• All other crew perform as per Muster List.
MUSTER LIST
TEAMS and DUTIES
EMERGENCY AND FIRE STATIONS
COMMAND TEAM EMERGENCY TEAM SUPPORT AND FIRST AID TEAM
Master Bridge, In Command Chief Officer In Charge 2nd Officer In Charge
3rd Officer Bridge, Communications 2nd Engineer Assist in charge Close vents
Able Seaman Bridge, Steering First aid, stretcher
ENGINE CONTROL TEAM

Chief Engineer Engine Room, In Charge
Assist Ch. Engineer
Engine Room
MOB / RESCUE BOAT CREW

Chief Officer In Charge
Designated Crew As per Muster List
EMERGENCY AND OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS – IMO SYSMBOLS
INSTRUCTIONS – IMO SYMBOLS
INSTRUCTIONS
SUMMARY
• SAFETY is the action and precautions taken to avoid any incident or accident which threatens
the ship, crew, passenger and property on it and the environment.
• EMERGENCY is any incident or accident which threatens the safety of ship, crew, passengers,
cargo and the environment such as loss of life, injury, loss or damage to property or damage
to the environment.
1. Comply with emergency procedures.

2. Observe safe working practices.
3. Contribute to effective communication on board.
4. Contribute to effective human relationships on board.
5. Take precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment.
SUMMARY
• IMO is the global standard setting authority for the safety, security and
environmental performance of international shipping.
• SOLAS is the most important international convention dealing with maritime

safety.
• LSA CODE provides international standards for life saving appliances required
by Chapter III of SOLAS.
SUMMARY
• SOLAS applied to:
• SOLAS applied to all passenger and cargo ships engaged on international voyages.
• PASSANGER SHIP is a ship which carries more than 12 passengers.
• CARGO SHIP is any ship which is not a passenger ship.
• SOLAS is not applied to:
• Ships of War
• Cargo ships less than 500 GRT
• Ships NOT propelled by mechanical means
• WOODEN ships
• Pleasure Yachts NOT engaged in TRADE
• Fishing Vessels
SUMMARY
MUSTER LIST: EMERGENCY AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
• Muster list is the document that specifies the job for every crew member on board, in case of emergency.
• Displayed at locations such as Bridge, Engine Control Room, Accommodation alleyways, mess rooms where ship’s crew
spends most of their time.
SUMMARY
MUSTER LIST: TEAMS and DUTIES
• MASTER is in overall command in all emergencies. Master substitute is Chief Officer and Ch. Officer substitute
is 2nd Officer. Chief Engineer substitute is 2nd Engineer and 2nd Engineer substitute is 3rd Engineer.
• 3rd Officer is designated for communication duties in all emergencies.
ABANDON SHIP BOAT STATIONS

Lifeboat No.2 (Port Side) Duty Lifeboat No.1 (Starboard Side)
Master Overall Command Master
Chief Officer Lifeboat Command 2nd Officer
In general and if applicable;

• Master is in Lifeboat No.1 with 2nd Officer and
• Chief Officer is in in Lifeboat No.2 with 3rd Officer.
• All other crew perform as per Muster List.
SUMMARY
MUSTER LIST: TEAMS and DUTIES
EMERGENCY AND FIRE STATIONS
COMMAND TEAM EMERGENCY TEAM SUPPORT AND FIRST AID TEAM
Master Bridge, In Command Chief Officer In Charge 2nd Officer In Charge
3rd Officer Bridge, Communications 2nd Engineer Assist in charge Close vents
Able Seaman Bridge, Steering First aid, stretcher
ENGINE CONTROL TEAM

Chief Engineer Engine Room, In Charge
Assist Ch. Engineer
Engine Room
MOB / RESCUE BOAT CREW

Chief Officer In Charge
SUMMARY
PERSONAL LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES
LIFEBUOYS
LIFEBUOYS CARGO SHIPS PASSANGER SHIPS
Length of Ship No of Lifebuoys Length of Ship No of Lifebuoys
Under 100 8 Under 60 8
100 – 149 10 60 – 119 12
150 – 199 12 120 – 179 18
200 and Over 14 180 – 239 24
240 and Over 30
• Lifebuoys shall be distributed on both sides of the ship.

• At least one shall be placed in the vicinity of the stern.
• At least one lifebuoy on each side of the ship shall be fitted with a buoyant lifeline equal in length to not less than twice
the height at which it is stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, or 30 m, whichever is the greater.
• Not less than one half of the total number of lifebuoys shall be provided with lifebuoy self-igniting lights and not less than
two of these shall be provided with lifebuoy self-activating smoke signals.
• Passenger ships under 60 m shall carry at least 6 lifebuoys with self igniting lights.
SUMMARY
LIFEJACKETS
CARGO SHIPS PASSANGER SHIPS
• For every person on board, • For every person on board, additionally;
additionally; • Sufficient number for persons on watch and for use at
• Sufficient number for persons remote stations.
on watch and for use at remote • At least %5 of the total number of persons on board.
stations. • Child lifejacket equal to at least %10 of the total number
of passengers on board.
• Infant lifejackets for each infant, if the voyage is 24
hours or more.
• Infant lifejackets at least %2.5 of the total passengers on
board, if the voyage is less than 24 hours.
• All lifejackets shall be fitted with lights.

SUMMARY
IMMERSION SUITS AND ANTI-EXPOSURE SUITS
• For every person on board. • For every crew assigned to rescue boat and/or marine
• Sufficient number for persons on watch and for use at evacuation system.
remote stations. • At least 3 Immersion suits for each Lifeboat.
THERMAL PROTECTIVE AID (TPA)

• For every person on board without Immersion Suit. • For every person on board without Immersion Suit.
SUMMARY
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES: SURVIVAL CRAFT – LIFEBOAT AND LIFERAFT
1.1. Totally enclosed lifeboat at each side of the 1. Ships engaged in international voyages must have:
ship for 100% of the total capacity onboard. • Partially or totally enclosed lifeboats, for 50% of the total capacity of
1.2. Liferaft for 100% of the total capacity onboard, people onboard, at each side (total capacity for 100%).
if the weight of liferaft is less than 185 kg, if not, • Rigid or inflatable liferafts for at least 25% of the total number of
100% of the total capacity onboard at each side. people onboard.
1.3 Additional liferaft if the lifeboats are more than 2. Ships engaged in short international voyages must have:
100 m from the bow or the stern. • Partially or totally enclosed lifeboats, for 30% of the total capacity of
2.1 Free fall lifeboat at aft for 100% of the total people onboard, at each side, plus the number of liferafts necessary
capacity onboard. to obtain a total of 100%.
2.2 Liferaft for 100% of the total capacity onboard • Rigid or inflatable liferafts for at least 25% of the total number of
at each side. people onboard
2.3 Additional liferaft if the lifeboats are more than 3. Passenger ships smaller than 500 GRT and less than 200 people on
100 m from the bow or the stern. board shall have:
3.1 Cargo ships <85m other than tankers; • Instead of lifeboats, shall carry liferafts on each side to accommodate
• Liferaft for 100% of the total capacity onboard, 100% of the total number of persons on board.
if the weight of liferaft is less than 185 kg, if not, • Unless the liferafts stowed in a position providing for easy side to side
150% of the total capacity onboard at each side. transfer at a single open deck level, additional liferafts shall be
provided so that the total capacity available on each side will
accommodate 150% of the total number of persons on board.
SUMMARY
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES: RESCUE BOAT – FAST RESCUE BOAT

• At least one rescue boat. • Passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and
• A lifeboat may be accepted as a rescue boat over shall carry at least one rescue boat on
if meets all the requirements of the rescue each side of the ship.
boat and its launching and recovery • Passenger ships of less than 500 gross
arrangements tonnage shall carry at least one rescue boat.
• A lifeboat may be accepted as a rescue boat
if meets all the requirements of the rescue
boat and its launching and recovery
arrangements
SUMMARY
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES
ADDITIONAL RULES FOR RO-RO PASSENGER SHIPS
• The ro-ro passenger ship's liferafts shall be served by marine evacuation systems equally distributed on each side of the ship.
• Every liferaft on ro-ro passenger ships shall be provided with float-free stowage arrangements.
• Every liferaft on ro-ro passenger ships shall be of a type fitted with a boarding ramp.
• Every liferaft on ro-ro passenger ships shall either be automatically self-righting or be a canopied reversible liferaft which is
stable in a seaway and is capable of operating safely whichever way up it is floating. Alternatively, the ship shall carry
automatically self-righting liferafts or canopied reversible liferafts, in addition to its normal complement of liferafts, of such
aggregate capacity as will accommodate at least 50% of the persons not accommodated in lifeboats.
• Liferafts carried on ro-ro passenger ships shall be fitted with a search and rescue locating device in the ratio of one search and
rescue locating device for every four liferafts.
• At least one of the rescue boats on a ro-ro passenger ship shall be a fast rescue boat.
• Each fast rescue boat shall be served by a suitable launching appliance.
• At least two crews of each fast rescue boat shall be trained and drilled regularly having regard to the Seafarers Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code.
• Each ro-ro passenger ship shall be equipped with efficient means for rapidly recovering survivors from the water and
transferring survivors from rescue units or survival craft to the ship.
• Sufficient number of lifejackets shall be stowed in the vicinity of the muster stations so that passengers do not have to return
to their cabins to col e their lifejackets.
• All ro-ro passenger ships shall be provided with a helicopter pick-up area .
SUMMARY
VISUAL DISTRESS SIGNALS: ROCKET PARACHUTE SIGNAL
ROCKET PARACHUTE SIGNAL HAND FLARE SMOKE SIGNAL
• Altitude of not less than 300 meters • Burn with bright red color • Emit smoke of highly visible color
• Burn with bright red color • Burning period not less than 1 min. • Smoke period not less than 3 min.
• Burning period not less than 40 sec. • Luminous intensity 15000 candle • Not be swamped in a seaway
• Luminous intensity 30000 candle
• Decent rate not more than 5 m/s
LOCATION ROCKET PARACHUTE SIGNAL HAND FLARE SMOKE SIGNAL

Navigation Bridge 12 6 2
Each Lifeboat 4 6 2
SUMMARY
LINE THROWING APPLIANCES
• At least 1 SET at navigation bridge.
• Throwing a line with reasonable accuracy.
• Not less than FOUR projectiles in one set.
• Capable of carrying the line at least 230 m in calm weather.
• Line breaking strength of not less than 2 kN.
• have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the line-throwing
appliance.

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University of Kyrenia

Faculty of Maritime Studies

1.To teach personal safety and social responsibility at sea.

9. Basic first aid on board, basic anatomy.

A​​s a specialized agency of the United Nations, IMO is the

For further reading: http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Default.aspx

• LSA Code: International Life Saving Appliances Code

1.Comply with emergency procedures.

Most of the accidents, damages and losses at sea

• Recognize Muster List and personal duties in emergencies.

• Muster list is the document that

• Emergency Signal: 7 short followed by 1

• Abandon Ship Signal: Verbal order by

• Abandon Ship Drill

• Understand the need for strict observation of safe working practices.

• Appreciate the need for a standard marine vocabulary.

• Recognize gender issues.

1- SOLAS CHAPTER III: Life Saving Appliances and Arragements

2- International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code)

• APPLY to ships constracted on or after 1

• If constracted before 1 July 1998,

• LSA Code adopted by Maritime Safety

• be such that they cannot be extinguished by water.

• have a diameter of not less than 8 mm.

• have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.

Weight (kg) Less than 15 Between 15 and 43 More than 43

• a lifejacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being

• have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all

• climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in length.

• perform normal duties associated with abandonment.

• With inherent insulation: wearer's body core temperature does

• An anti-exposure suit (if not immersion suit) of an appropriate size

• If the ship constantly engage in warm climates where thermal

• an immersion suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials.

Thermal and Stability Performance of Anti-exposure suit;

5. Thermal Protective Aids (TPA)

• The number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by

• Each seating position shall be clearly indicated in the

• EVERY CARGO SHIP lifeboat shall be so arranged that it

PARTIALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT FREE FALL LIFEBOAT

• With a self-contained air support system for a period of

• Fire protected with water spray system

• Liferafts generally can be inflated and

• Some ships carries a davit launching

• be capable of withstanding a lateral impact against the ship's

1. Inflatable Liferaft: is the liferaft which the floating capacity

2. Rigid Liferaft: is the liferaft which the floating capacity shall

Construction of Inflatable Liferaft

1. INFLATABLE LIFERAFT (continue)

Carrying Capacity of the Inflatable Liferaft

Access to the Inflatable Liferaft

Stability of Inflatable Liferafts

Containers for Inflatable Liferafts

Marking of Inflatable Liferaft Container and Inflatable Liferaft

Construction of Rigid Liferaft

Access into Rigid Liferaft

Marking of Rigid Liferaft

As a specialized agency of the United Nations, IMO is the