Shearing Stresses in Beams

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Shearing stress in Beams

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Ambil momen terhadap sembarang titik;

 H dxtdy   V dytdx  0
 H  V

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Jumlah momen - AB  0
 M  Vdx  M  dM  0
dM  Vdx
dM
V
dx

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Gaya yg timbul dinyatakan;

Persamaan tegangan dimasukan;

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 F x 0

Di depan dM
V
dx
Substitusi harga FL

Sehingga;
Bagian yg diintegralkan
diberi simbol Q;

Maka;
Didepan  H  V

Atau;

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 Tegangan geser di P
Vshearing force
tpanjang PP’
Imomen inersia
Qmomen of area 9
Perhatikan potongan dibawah
dan jumlah gaya vertikal = 0

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Dari persamaan didepan; Diketahui;

Sehingga;
Turunkan terhadap x
pd kedua sisi;

Turunkan terhadap x;

Atau;

Sehingga defleksi;

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Introduction
• Transverse loading applied to a beam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.

• Distribution of normal and shearing

stresses satisfies
Fx    x dA  0  
M x   y  xz  z  xy dA  0
Fy    xy dA  V M y   z  x dA  0
Fz    xz dA  0 M z     y x   0

• When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces

• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist

in any member subjected to transverse
loading.
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Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

• Consider prismatic beam

• For equilibrium of beam element
 Fx  0  H    D   C  dA
A

M D  MC
H 
I  y dA
A

• Note,
Q   y dA
A
dM
M D  MC  x  V x
dx

• Substituting,
VQ
H  x
I
H VQ
q   shear flow
x I
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Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

• Shear flow,
H VQ
q   shear flow
x I

• where

Q   y dA
A

 first moment of area above y1

I  dA
2
y
A A'

 second moment of full cross section

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Example 2

SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.

• Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
A beam is made of three
planks, nailed together.
Knowing that the spacing
between nails is 25 mm
and that the vertical shear
in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the
shear force in each nail.
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Example 2

SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120  106 m3 )
q 
I 16.20  10-6 m 4
Q  Ay
 3704 N
  0.020 m  0.100 m  0.060 m  m

 120  106 m3
• Calculate the corresponding shear
I 1  0.020 m  0.100 m  3
 12 force in each nail for a nail spacing
 2[12 1  0.100 m  0.020 m  3 of 25 mm.
F  (0.025 m)q  (0.025 m)(3704 N m
  0.020 m  0.100 m  0.060 m  2 ]
F  92.6 N
 16.20  106 m 4
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Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam

• The average shearing stress on the horizontal

face of the element is obtained by dividing the
shearing force on the element by the area of
the face.
H q x VQ x
 ave   
A A I t x
VQ

It

• On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,

yx= 0. It follows that xy= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.

• If the width of the beam is comparable or large

relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1
and D2 are significantly higher than at D.
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Shearing Stresses xy in Common Types of Beams

• For a narrow rectangular beam,

Q  b(c  y ) yˆ  b(c  y )1 / 2(c  y )
Q  1 / 2 b(c 2  y 2 ) I  2/3 bc 3
VQ 3 V  y 2 
 xy   1  
Ib 2 A  c 2 
3V
 max 
2A

• For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam)
beams VQ
 ave 
It
V
 max 
Aweb

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Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam

• Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam

subjected to load P at its free end:
3 P  y 2  Pxy
 xy  1 x  
2 A  c 2  I

• Shearing stresses are independent of the distance

from the point of application of the load.
• Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected
by the shearing stresses.
• From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load
application mode are negligible except in immediate
vicinity of load application points.
• Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.
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Sample Problem 3
A timber beam is to support the three
concentrated loads shown. Knowing
that for the grade of timber used,
 all  1800 psi  all  120 psi
determine the minimum required
depth d of the beam.
SOLUTION:
• Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
• Determine the beam depth based on
allowable normal stress.
• Determine the beam depth based on
allowable shear stress.
• Required beam depth is equal to the
larger of the two depths found.
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Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.

Vmax  3 kips
M max  7.5 kip  ft  90 kip  in

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Sample Problem 3
• Determine the beam depth based on allowable
normal stress.
M max
 all 
S
90  103 lb  in.
1800 psi 
 0.5833 in. d 2
d  9.26 in.
1 bd3
I  12 • Determine the beam depth based on allowable
I shear stress.
S   16 b d 2 3 Vmax
c  all 
2 A
 16  3.5 in. d 2
3 3000 lb
120 psi 
  0.5833in. d 2 2  3.5 in. d
d  10.71in.

• Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the two.

d  10.71in.
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Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element
of Arbitrary Shape
• We have examined the distribution of
the vertical components xy on a
transverse section of a beam. We
now wish to consider the horizontal
components xz of the stresses.
• Consider prismatic beam with an
element defined by the curved surface
CDD’C’.
 Fx  0  H     D   C  dA
a
• Except for the differences in
integration areas, this is the same
result obtained before which led to
VQ H VQ
H  x q 
I x I
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Example 4

SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

• Based on the spacing between nails,

determine the shear force in each
nail.

A square box beam is constructed from

four planks as shown. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 1.75 in. and the
beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
magnitude V = 600 lb, determine the
shearing force in each nail.
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Example 4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.
q 

VQ  600 lb  4.22 in 3 
 92 .3
lb
I 27.42 in 4 in
q lb
f   46.15
2 in
For the upper plank,  edge force per unit length
Q  Ay   0.75in. 3 in.1.875 in.
• Based on the spacing between nails,
 4.22 in 3
determine the shear force in each
nail.
For the overall beam cross-section,
 lb 
1  4.5 in   1  3 in 
3 3 F  f    46.15 1.75 in 
I  12 12  in 
 27.42 in 4 F  80.8 lb
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