Department of Collegiate and Technical Education

FLUID MECHANICS
(IV Semester)
(18ME43)
Session-1
Presentation By
Dr. Seenappa
Mechanical Engineering
GEC-Ramanagara
Mechanical Engineering – 18ME43
Module 1 Session 1

Contents

• Introduction

• Properties of fluids

• References

Mechanical Engineering – 18ME43

Introduction
FLUID
Definition:
• It is defined as the substance which undergoes continuous
deformation under the action of external share force, how small
the force may be.
• It is the substance which does not offers resistance to the shear
force.
• It is defined as the substance is capable of flowing
• Fluids are classified in to liquids and gases.
• Fluids can be either compressive or incompressible in nature.

• In compressible fluids the density is not constant while in

incompressible fluids the density is constant.
• Most of the liquids are incompressible in nature
• Gases are compressible in nature
Mechanical Engineering – 18ME43
Properties of Fluids

• Property: Any measurable characteristic of a system is known as

the property. Ex. Mass, volume, temperature etc.
• The properties are either considered to be intensive or
extensive.
• Mass independent properties are called intensive
properties of a system ex: pressure and density.
• Extensive properties are those properties which are
dependent on the mass or size ex: mass, volume.
Properties of Fluids

Following are the properties of fluid which are important in

the study of fluid mechanics

1. Mass density or density

2. Weight density or Specific weight
3. Specific volume
4. Specific gravity or relative density
5. Viscosity: Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity
6. Surface tension
7. Capillarity
8. Compressibility
9. Cavitation and Vapor pressure
 1. Density or Mass density :
Density (): It is defined as the ratio of mass of the fluid to its volume.
This is also known as the mass density ()
⸫ Density, =
SI unit of density is Kg / m3 Dimensional formula
At 1 bar pressure and 200C: Density of water is 1000 and for air is 1.205
The density of substance depends on the pressure and temperature.
Density of the gases varies with the pressure where as in liquids it remains
constant
In liquids the variation of pressure is having negligible effect on density. But
increase of temperature density decreases
The density of most of the gases is directly proportional to the pressure and
inversely proportional to the temperature. i.e., with increase of pressure
density of gases increases and with increase of temperature density decreases.
 Properties of fluids
 • Weight density or Specific weight (w)
It is defined as the ratio of weight of the fluid to its volume. This is
also known as the specific weight()
⸫ Weight Density, =

Weight Density, =

= =g=g
⸫ Weight Density, = g
SI unit of weight density is N/m3 Dimensional formula
Specific weight of water = g =1000x9.81=9810 , For air = 1.2x9.81=11.82
Specific weight of a fluid changes from one place to another. But the mass density
remains constant at all the places
 Specific Volume ()
It is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.
It is also the reciprocal of mass density
⸫ Specific volume, =

⸫ Specific volume, =
.S.I. Unit is m3/Kg . Dimensional formula is or L3M-1

 Specific Gravity or Relative density ()

It is defined as the ratio of density of the given fluid to the density of standard
fluid. (In terms of mass density)
It is also defined as the ratio of sp.weight of the given fluid to the sp.weight of
standard fluid. (In terms of weight density)
⸫ Specific gravity, = =
⸫ Specific gravity, = =
For liquids water is taken as the standard fluid. In gases air is taken as the standard fluid
It is a dimensionless term hence no unit.
Properties of fluids
Specific Gravity or Relative density ()
 

⸫ Specific gravity, = =
How to calculate
⸫ = Specific gravity x
⸫ = Specific gravity x
For example:
= Specific gravity x
= Specific gravity x
Properties of fluids

Viscosity : Viscosity is the property of the fluid by virtue

of which it resist the movement of one layer of fluid over
the another adjacent layer of the fluid. Or it is the property
of the fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to shear or
angular deformation.
Consider two layers of fluid which are at distance of dy apart and
moving with velocity u and u+du respectively. The top layer is
moving with velocity u+du drags the lower layer along with it, by
exerting force F. However the bottom layer tries to retard or restrict
the motion of top layer by exerting a force equal and opposite to F.
These two equal and opposite forces induce a shear resistance or
viscous resistance τ given by F/A , where A is the contact area
between the two layers. This shear stress is proportional to the
change of velocity with respect to change of y.
Properties of fluids
 Newtons law of Viscosity:
It states that shear stress ()on the fluid layer is directly proportional to rate of
shear strain .
Mathematically, Shear stress proportional to rate of shear strain.
⸫ or = or =
Where μ is constant of proportionality and is known as the coefficient of
dynamic viscosity, simply dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. is called
velocity gradient or rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation.
⸫ Dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity is defined as the property of the
fluid by virtue of which the fluid offers resistance to shear deformation.
The following observations can be obtained viscosity and velocity distribution.
• Maximum shear stress occurs at the points where velocity gradients are large.
• Shear stress becomes zero at the points where velocity gradient is zero.
• Maximum value of shear stress occurs at the boundary and it progressively decreases
with the distance from the boundary.
•Units
  of viscosity:
Dynamic viscosity or Absolute viscosity ():

=
= = == x s= Pas-second

⸫ SI unit of dynamic viscosity = Pas-s

It is also expressed in poise or centipoise

1 = 10 poise or 1poise =
one centi poise = poise
  Kinematic viscosity ( )
It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid.
Mathematically, Kinematic viscosity, = =
Units of kinematic viscosity:
= == =
=
⸫ SI Unit of Kinematic viscosity = m2/s
One stoke = 10-4 m2/s
One centi stoke = Stoke
•Specific viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity of the fluid to the viscosity of
water at 200C.
Effect of temperature on viscosity

The viscosity of both liquids and gases will vary temperature but in
different manner.
In case of liquids the viscosity is due to cohesion. When the
temperature of liquid increases, the volume increases and hence the
distance between molecules increases which decrease the cohesion .
Therefore the viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in
temperature.
In case of gases, the viscosity is due to molecular momentum
transfer(exchange). When the temperature of gas increases, kinetic
energy of molecules increases and hence molecular momentum
exchange increases. Therefore the viscosity of gases increases with
increase in temperature.
The variation of viscosity with temperature for liquids and gases
is shown in graph
• The
  following empirical formulae have been suggested for variation of
viscosity with temperature and pressure.
For liquids, μ = μ0 , Where μ = Viscosity at t 0C, μ0=
Viscosity at 0C, , β are the constants depends on liquids.
For water μ = 0.0179 poise  = 0.03368, β = 0.000221

Above equation shows that with increase of temperature, viscosity of

liquids increases.
•For gases: With the increase of temperature, the viscosity of gases
increases and is described by the relation.

μ = μ0+ where μ0=0.000017  = 5.9x10-9, β = 0.1189x10-9

References
1. Fluid Mechanics (SI Units), Yunus A. Cengel John M.Cimbala, 3rd
Ed., Tata a. McGraw Hill, 2014.
2. Fluid Mechanics, F M White, McGraw Hill Publications Eighth
edition. 2016
3. Mechanics of Fluids, Merle C. Potter, Devid C. Wiggerrt, Bassem
H. Ramadan, Cengage learning, Fourth editions 2016.
4. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Munson, Young,
Okiishi&Huebsch, John Wiley Publications.7th edition.
5. Fluid Mechanics, Pijush.K.Kundu, IRAM COCHEN, ELSEVIER,
3rd Ed. 2005.
6. Fluid Mechanics, John F.Douglas, Janul and M.Gasiosek and john
A.Swaffield, Pearson Education Asia, 5th ed., 2006.
7. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, R.K.Bansal,Lakshmi
publications, 1st ed, 2005.
Mechanical Engineering – 18ME43