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Lecture 1 - Introduction To Electrical and Electronics Elememnts
Lecture 1 - Introduction To Electrical and Electronics Elememnts
Prepared by –
Md. Jahidul Islam
Lecturer, Department of Engineering
BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology
The Electrical/Electronics Industry
Technology and its effects on our lives
Healthcare and the arts
Computer simulations
The Integrated Circuit (IC)
First developed in the late 1950’s
Understanding of fundamental concepts
Once understood, will not be replaced
Voltage
flow of charge is established by an external “pressure” derived from the energy that a mass has by
The
virtue of its position: Potential energy
Energy: the capacity to do work
If a mass (m) is raised to some height (h) above a reference plane, it has a measure of potential energy
expressed in joules (J) that is determined by –
Solution: Reading from the band closest to the left edge, we find that the first two colors of
brown and red represent the numbers 1 and 2, respectively. The third band is orange,
representing the number 3 for the power of the multiplier as follows:
Then multiply the resistor value by this decimal number: 0.05(12 kΩ) = 600 Ω
Color Coding for Resistor Values
Example 1.1: Find the value of the resistor in the following figure.
Finally, add the resulting number to the resistor value to determine the maximum value, and
subtract the number to find the minimum value.
That is,
The result is that the manufacturer has guaranteed with the 5% gold band that the resistor will
fall in the range just determined.
In other words, the manufacturer does not guarantee that the resistor will be exactly 12 kΩ, but
rather that it will fall in a range as defined above.
Conductance, and Ohmmeters
The reciprocal of resistance is conductance (G), measured in siemens (S)
In electric circuits, the effect we are trying to establish is the flow of charge, or current. The
potential difference, or voltage, between two points is the cause (“pressure”), and the opposition
is the resistance encountered.
Substituting the terms introduced above into Eq. (1.1) results in
Note that the symbol E is applied to all sources of voltage and the alternative symbol V is
applied to all voltage drops across components of the network.
Ohm’s Law
Eq. (1.2) is known as Ohm’s law in honor of Georg Simon Ohm.
The law states that for a fixed resistance, the greater the voltage (or pressure)
across a resistor, the greater is the current; and the greater the resistance
for the same voltage, the lower is the current.
In other words, the current is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance.
For any resistor, in any network, the direction of current through a resistor will define the
polarity of the voltage drop across the resistor.
Example 1.2: Determine the current resulting from the application of a 9 V battery across a
network with a resistance of 2.2 Ω.
Solution: Eq. (1.2) -
Power
In general, the term power is applied to provide an indication of how much work (energy
conversion) can be accomplished in a specified amount of time; that is, power is a rate of doing
work.
The power associated with any supply is not simply a function of the supply voltage. It is
determined by the product of the supply voltage and its maximum current rating.
Try Yourself:
Example 4.6 - 4.9
(Ref. Book: Introduction to Circuit Analysis, Robert L. Boylestad, 13th Edition.)
Energy
power, which is the rate of doing work, to produce an energy conversion of any form, it must be
For
used over a period of time.
The energy (W) lost or gained by any system is therefore determined by –
Since power is measured in watts (or joules per second) and time in seconds,
the unit of energy is the wattsecond or joule honor of James Prescott Joule.
The wattsecond, however, is too small a quantity for most practical purposes, so the watthour (Wh)
and the kilowatthour (kWh) are defined, as follows:
Energy
Example 1.3: What is the total cost of using all of the following at $ per kilowatthour?
A 1200 W toaster for 30 min
Six 50 W bulbs for 4 h
A 500 W washing machine for 45 min
A 4300 W electric clothes dryer for 20 min
An 80 W PC for 6 h
Solution:
Efficiency
Conservation of energy requires that
The efficiency (h) of the system is then determined by the following equation:
In terms of the input and output energy, the efficiency in percent is given by
Try Yourself:
Example 4.15 - 4.17
(Ref. Book: Introduction to Circuit Analysis, Robert L. Boylestad, 13th Edition.)
Summaries
Voltage, Current, Resistance, Conductance
Voltmeter, Ammeter, Ohmmeter, Multimeter
Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors, Superconductors
Color Coding
Ohm’s Law
Power, Energy, Efficiency
Reference Book:
Introduction to Circuit Analysis, Robert L. Boylestad, 13th Edition (Chapter 1 – 4)