RAYAT SHIKSHAN SANSTHA’S

S.M.JOSHI COLLEGE
HADAPSAR, PUNE-411028
PRESANTATION BY

Prof . DESAI S.S

Mathematics department
Subject – Complex Analysis
Topic - Important Theorems

1
 Cauchy’s Theorem
y
Consider
R  a simply - connected region

A “simply-connected” region
C means that there are no “holes” in
the region. (Any closed path can
be shrunk down to zero size.)

Cauchy’s theorem:

If f  z  is analytic in R then  f  z  dz  0
C

2
 Cauchy’s Theorem (cont.)

Consider  f  z  dz  0
C

 This implies that the line integral between any two points is independent of the path,
as long as the function is analytic in the region enclosed by the paths.

R  a simply - connected region R  a simply - connected region

y y

C2
C
C1

x x

 f  z  dz   f  z  dz  f  z  dz  0
C1 C2 C

 f  z  dz   f  z  dz   f  z  dz
C C1 C2
3
 Extension of Cauchy’s Theorem to
Multiply-Connected Regions
y y
R  a multiply - connected region R   simply - connected region

c2
c1

C2 C1 C2 C1

x x

 If f  z  is analytic in R then  f  z  dz  0 in general.

C1,2

 Introduce an infinitesimal - width "bridge" to make R into a simply connected region R 

 f  z  dz   f  z  dz   f  z  dz  0 since integrals along c1 , c2 are in

C1 C2  c1  c2 C1 C2

opposite directions and thus cancel   f  z  dz   f  z  dz

C1 C2

Unlike in Cauchy's theorem, now integrals are usually nonvanishing!

4
 Extension of Cauchy’s Theorem to
Multiply-Connected Regions (cont.)

 Example :

1
 z dz  2 i The integral around the arbitrary closed
C path C must give the same result as the
integral around the circle (and we already
know the answer for the circle).
y

5
 Cauchy’s Theorem, Revisited

Consider
If the function happens to be analytic everywhere within a simply connected region,
then we can shrink a closed path down to zero size, verifying that the line integral
around the closed path must be zero.

R  a simply - connected region R  a simply - connected region

y y

C
C

x x

Shrink the path down.

6
 Fundamental Theorem of the
Calculus of Complex Variables
y

Consider
 zN zb
C z N 1
…
 z3 zn … This is an extension of the same
… theorem in calculus (for real functions)
 z2 z z3
2
 z1 z1 to complex functions.
za
x

Assume that f is analytic in a region R containing the path C.

dF
Suppose we can find F z  such that F  z    f  z :
dz
zb zb
dF
  f  z  dz   dz  F  zb   F  za 
za za
dz

7
 Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus of
Complex Variables (cont.)

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus :

zb

 f  z  dz  F  zb   F  za 
za

 This permits us to have useful indefinite integrals :

z n 1 e az
 z dz  n  1 ,  sin z dz e
n az
  cos z, dz  , etc.
a

8
 Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus of
Complex Variables (cont.)
We have:
z z

 f  z  dz  F  z   F  z0   F  z    f  z  dz  F  z0 
z0 z0

Consider two different indefninte integrals :

z
F1  z    f    d  F1  z1  for arbitrary z1
z1
z
F2  z    f    d  F2  z2  for arbitrary z2
z2

z1
 F2  z   F1  z    f    d  F2  z2   F1  z1 
z2

 All indefinite integrals differ by only a (complex) constant.

9
 Cauchy Integral Formula
y R  a simply - connected region y R

C c2 c
1
C z0 C0

x x
1
 f  z  is assumed analytic in R but we multiply by a factor that is
 z  z0 
analytic except at z0 and consider the following integral around C :
f  z
I   z  z0  dz
C

 To evaluate, consider the path C  c1  c2  C0 shown that encloses a simply -

connected region for which the integrand is analytic on and inside the path :
f  z f  z f  z
 z  z0
dz  0   z  z0
dz   
z  z 0
dz
C  c1  c2  C0 C C 0
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 Cauchy Integral Formula (cont.)

z
We have: z0
z
f  z f  z C0
 z  z0 dz    z  z0
dz
C
C C0

 Evaluate the C0 integral on a circular path, z  z0  rei , dz  riei d :

f  z r 0 0
r i ei d
 dz  f  z0     2 if  z0  for r  0
C0
 z  z0  2 re i

f  z 1 f  z Cauchy Integral
  dz  2 if  z0   f  z0   
 dz
C
z  z0 2 i C z  z0 Formula

 Note the remarkable result :

The value of f  z  at z0 is completely determined by its values on C !

11
 Cauchy Integral Formula (cont.)

z0 z0

C
C

 Note that if z0 is outside C, the integrand is analytic inside C ;

hence by the Cauchy's theorem, we have

1 f  z
 z  z0 dz  0
2 i 
C

12
 Cauchy Integral Formula (cont.)

Summary of Cauchy Integral Formula

C
z0

Application:
In graphical displays, one often
f  z  2 i f  z0  , z0 inside C wishes to determine if a point z0 =
 z  z0
dz  
 0, z0 outside C
(x,y) is hidden by a region (with
C boundary C) in front of it, i.e. if in a
2-D projection, z0 appears to fall
inside or outside the region. (Just
choose f(z) = 1.)

13
 Derivative Formulas
Since f  z  is analytic in C , its derivative exists;
z0
let's express it in terms of the Cauchy formula.
Start with :
C 1 f  z
f  z0  
2 i C z  z0
dz (Note z0 is inside C .)

1 f  z
f  z0  z    z  z0  z dz
2 i 
C

f  z0  z   f  z0  1  f  z f  z 

z
   z  z0  z  z  z0
2 iz 
 dz

C

1  z 
  f  z   dz
2 i z C   z  z0  z   z  z0  
f  z0  z   f  z0  1  1 
 lim  lim 
z  0 2 i 
f  z    dz
z  0 z C   z  z 0  z   z  z 0  
1 f  z Note : We've also just proven we can
 f  z0     z  z  2 dz
2 i 
C 0
differentiate w.r.t . z0 under the integral sign!
14
 Derivative Formulas (cont.)

Similarly,
2 f  z
f   z0     z  z  3 dz
z0
2 i 
C 0

In general,
C
n! f  z
f    z0     z  z  n 1 dz
n
2 i 
C 0
f  z  analytic in a simply
 n 1 dn  1 
connected region containing C or f  z0    f  z  dz0n  z  z0  dz
2 i 
C

Ιf f  z  is analytic in C , then its derivatives of all orders exist,


and hence they are analytic as well.

Note : f  z  and all its derivatives can be determined from its boundary values!
15
 Morera’s Theorem
Ιf a function f  z  is continuous in a simply - connected
R region R and


z  f  z  dz  0
C
z0 for every closed contour C within R , then f  z  is analytic
throughout R .
Proof F will be analytic if we can
prove its derivative exists!
z

 f  z  dz  0  f  z  is path independent, so define F  z    f    d .

C z0

Note that
z
F  z   F  z0  z
f 
F  z   F  z0   F  z    f    d  , and   d
z0
z  z0 z0
z  z0
Note : We can chose a small straight - line path between the two points since the
integral is path independent. Along this small path, f is almost constant.
F  z   F  z0  z
f  z  z0 f  z0 
  d   z  z0   f  z0  (from continuity of f ).
z  z0 z0
z  z0 z  z0
 F is analytic at any z0 in R . But then so are all its derivatives, including F   f .
Hence, f is analytic at z0 .
16
Comparing Cauchy’s and Morera’s Theorems

 Cauchy's Theorem : If f  z  is analytic in a simply - connected

region R then

 f  z  dz  0, C in R .
C

 Morera's Theorem : Ιf a function f  z  is continuous in a simply -

connected region R and  f  z  dz  0 for every closed contour
C
C within R , then f  z  is analytic throughout R .

 These theorems are converses of one another!

17
 Cauchy’s Inequality
y
 Suppose f  z  is : (a) analytic in, (b) bounded ( f  z   M ) on, and
(c) has a convergent power series representation

R
f  z   an z n (see note below) x
n 0
M
within a circle of radius R about the origin. Then an  .
Rn
 Consider the following integral :
1 f  z 1 
1
2  z m 1
dz 
2
 an  z n  m 1dz 
2
2 iam (from previous line integral example)
n 0
z R z R
where n  m  1  1
1 f  z 1 f  z 1
2
M M
 am 
2  z m 1
dz 
2  z m 1
dz 
2  Rm 1
R d 
Rm
z R z R 0

mn M
 an  n
, M  max f  z 
R z R

Note: If a function is analytic within the circle, then it must have a convergent
power (Taylor) series expansion within the circle (proven later).
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THANK YOU

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