CRITICAL

READING AS
REASONING:
DETERMINING
TEXTUAL
READING AND WRITING LESSON

EVIDENCE
 Table of Contents
HOW TO EXPRESS SOUND
JUDGMENT ABOUT THE TEXT?
01 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE, 02
ASSERTION and
COUNTERCLAIMS

TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
03 04 TECHNIQUES IN DETERMINING
TEXTUAL EVIDENCES and THE
IMPORTANCE OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
 BE THE
DETECTIVE
MURDER AT SCHOOL
On the first day of school, someone murdered a history
teacher. There were four people at the school that police
suspected had done it: the landscaper, a math teacher, a
basketball coach and the principal. These were their alibis:

The landscaper said he was outside mowing the lawn.

The math teacher said he was giving a mid-year test.
The basketball coach said he was running practice drills with
his players.
The principal said she was in her office.

After giving their alibies, the police arrested the killer

immediately. Who killed the history teacher and how did the
police know?
IT WAS THE MATH
TEACHER
Evidence:
Based on the story
First Day of School
and the Math
Teacher’s Alibi was
he was giving out a
mid-year test.
SCIENCE CASE
A chemist was murdered in his own lab. The only
evidence was a piece of paper that had the names
were nickel, carbon, oxygen, lanthanum and
sulfur. The chemist only had three people come by
his lab on the day of the murder:
fellow scientist Claire
his nephew Nicolas
his wife and
his friend Marc
The police arrested the murderer right away.
How did they know who it was?
 IT WAS
NICOLA
S Evidence:
Look closely at the piece of paper, if
you combine the abbreviations of the
chemical substances on the paper,
you’ll get a name: Ni-C-O-La-S
POISONOUS PILLS
A serial killer kidnapped five different people and sat them down
each with two pills in their hand and a glass of water. He told them each
to take one pill but warned them that one was poisonous and the other
was harmless. Whichever pill the victim didn’t take, the serial killer
would take. Every victim somehow chose the poisonous pill and died.

How did the serial killer get them all to take the poisonous pill?
WATER
Evidence:
Neither of the pills was poisonous.
The poison was in the water that all
the victims used to swallow their
pill. 
 THIEF AT SEA
A Japanese ship was leaving the port and on its way to open sea. The captain went to go oil some
parts of the ship and took his ring off so it wouldn’t get damaged. He left it on the table next to his
bunk. When he returned, it was missing. He had suspected three crew members could be guilty and
asked them what they had been doing for the ten minutes that he had been gone.

The cook said, “I was in the kitchen preparing tonight’s dinner.”

The engineer said, “I was working in the engine room making sure everything was running smoothly.”
The seaman said, “I was on the mast correcting the flag because someone had attached it upside down
by mistake.”

The captain immediately knew who it was. How?

SEAMA
N Evidence:
It was clearly the seaman. It was a
Japanese ship and a Japanese flag is
white with a single red dot in the
middle. It can’t be hung upside
down.
 THE OLD WOMAN WHO
LIVED ALONE
An elderly woman lived alone in her house by the suburbs. She rarely left the house
and knew only a few people. One Friday morning, the mailman called out for the woman
but didn’t receive a prompt answer as usual.

Upon peeking in through the window, the mailman realized that the woman was
murdered. The police investigated the house and found Tuesday’s newspaper by the dead
body. Also, by the door outside, there were three unopened bottles of milk, one of which
had gone bad.

The police arrested the killer the very next day. How did they figure out so quickly?
 mailman
Evidence:
The mailman killed the old woman because the newspapers for
Wednesday and Thursday weren’t found in or outside the house.
This means he knew there would be no one to read them. (He tried
to trick the police by reporting the crime himself – but turns out he
isn’t too smart at creating riddles after all)
TEXT – WRITTEN WORK
EVIDENCE – PROOF
TEXT + EVIDENCE =
CITING PROOF IN THE
READING
The information gathered from
the text that support one’s
assertions or counterclaims
about the text

Textual evidence
 EVIDENCE
A set of information that is true and serves as
grounds for beliefs to prove something. It
comes from valid and reliable sources or
references.
It must be as specific It must be unified to
as possible to be establish continuity of
convincing and ideas.
credible.

It must be accurate It must show statistical

and precise to be as data to strengthen the
credibility of the claims
faultless as possible.
presented.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

 ASSERTION
A statement used to make a
declaration or to express strong
belief on a particular topic.
COUNTERCLAIMS
A statement that contradicts the claim.
They provide contrasting perspective
to the main argument and made to
rebut a previous claim.
 EXAMPLES
ASSERTION AGAINST DEATH PENALTY
“The idea that the death penalty will rid
the country of drugs is simply wrong.

The resumption of executions will not

rid the Philippines problems associated with
drugs or deter crime. It is an inhumane, Claim: Everyone must eat chocolate
ineffective punishment and is never the
solution. Counterclaim: Some people are allergic
to chocolate
The Philippines’ attempts to reintroduce
it are clearly unlawful.

CLAIM VS COUNTERCLAIM
 HOW TO EXPRESS SOUND
JUDGMENT ABOUT THE
State your idea about the text. Quote or Paraphrase the part of the text Express how the quote

TEXT?
that helped you come up with your idea.
supports your idea.

Step 1 Step 3 Step 5

Step 2 Step 4
To determine evidence from the text, look for Use quotation marks to quote a part of the
clues and keywords that support your idea about text, if it is from a book, indicate the page
the text. number at the end of your sentence.
 TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCEReferencing Paraphrasing

Summarizing Quoting

Statistical Testimonial Anecdotal Analogical

TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
Referencing
Act of mentioning a
58
%
specific section of the text
like an event or action.

Paraphrasing
Restating an author's or
42
%
someone else’s work using your
own words without losing the
original idea of the text.
TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
Summarizing
Stating the essential ideas
58
%
together of the text in
shorter way.

Quoting
Stating the part of the text in the
42
%
exact way it was written.
STATISTICA
L
Ranges from true, hard data presented
as a percentage or number to survey

EVIDENCES type data.

TESTIMONIA
L EVIDENCES
● Use of celebrities as credibility
evidence can be considered
testimonial in nature
● Can also be collected from experts
ANECDOTAL
EVIDENCES
● Used when storytelling is involved
as evidence
● Must be coupled with statistical or
testimonial evidence
 ANALOGICA
L
EVIDENCES
If the phenomenon in question is new and little
is known about it, analogical evidence that
pulls in known factors about a similar
phenomenon to show parallels can be an
effective way to provide proof.
Techniques in determining
textual evidences
● PROVE IT!

● ACE
 PROVE IT
ACRONYMS MEANING
Passage The evidence must be found somewhere in the passage.

Reference the Specific

You should be able to reference a specific section of the text.
Location

Offers Support There must be a connection between the question and the evidence.

View of the Author Provides the author’s view on the topic.

Eyes can see it It has to be something your eyes can see in the text.

Inferences You must use clues from the text.

Text Features It includes the Title, Headings, Charts, Tables, Graphs and Illustrations
 ace

01 02 03
ANSWER CITE EXPLAIN
Answer the question Cite evidence in the text to Explain your answer with
using prior konwledge. support your thoughts or evidence by paraphrasing or
opinions. direct quoting.
 THE
IMPORTANCE
OF TEXTUAL
The need to answer questions after reading a text
and or to share our ideas enables us to go back to
what we have read and give evidence from it to
EVIDENCE
prove that you are not just manufacturing your
thoughts.
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING!
Jayar C. Dulay - Human
Resources Specialist
Ivan D. Esperanza - Editor
and Content Manager
John Carlo C. Pajarillaga -
Technical Writer
John Ruel Vistro - Public
 Resources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
6k6xDJMpSo&list=WL&index=10&
t=146s v=fkWz1QiRUPg&list=WL&index=2
&t=14s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=e9XjHHxoSs8