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Introduction To Nanotechnology: An Overview of Fluid Mechanics For MEMS
Introduction To Nanotechnology: An Overview of Fluid Mechanics For MEMS
NANOTECHNOLOGY
-Reni Raju
MEMS (Applications)
Nanostructured Catalysts
Drug Delivery systems
Molecular Assembler/Replicators
Sensors
Magnetic Storage Applications
Reinforced Polymers
Nanofluids
Fluid Mechanics of MEMS
Devices having a characteristic length of less than 1 mm but more than 1 micron.
10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102
NEMS MEMS
FLUID MODELLING
Surface to volume ratio is high of the order of 10 6 m-1 for a characteristic length of 1
micron.
Other factors like thermal creep, rarefaction, viscous dissipation, compressibility etc.
For Gases
Fluid Modeling
Navier Stokes
MD Liouville
DSMC Boltzmann
Either as a collection of molecules or as a continuum.
Ma
Kn
L 2 Re
Kn=0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Local Properties such as Density and Velocity are averages over elements large
compared with the microscopic structure of the fluid but small enough to permit the
use of differential calculus.
Conservation of Mass:
u k 0
t xk
Conservation of Momentum:
ui ui ki
uk
g i
t xk x k
Conversation of Energy:
e e qk ui
uk
ki
t xk xk xk
Closure:
u u u j
ki p ki i k ki
x
xk xi j
T
qi k Flux(radiation )
xi
de cv dT
p RT
Euler’s Equation:
Fluid is invisicid and non-conducting,
u k 0
t xk
ui ui p
uk
g i
t xk x k
T T u k
cv
uk
p
t xk xk
Compressibility
Continuity Equation:
D u
k 0
Dt xk
1 D Dp DT
1
Dt Dt Dt ( p, T )
p T
1
( p, T )
T p
For Adiabatic Walls;
T T0
T*
u
Pr 0
c
p0
1 D * Dp * Pr B * DT *
0 Ma 2 *
* Dt * Dt * A Dt *
A 0 0 c p 0T0 ;
B 0T0
For Isothermal Wall;
T T0
Tˆ
Tw T0
1 D * Dp * T T0 DTˆ
0 Ma 2 * B * w
* Dt * Dt * T0 Dt *
Boundary Conditions
u
u w u gas u wall
y w
2 v u
u w u gas u wall
v y w
Slip velocity & Temperature Jump,
2 v u * 3 ( 1) Kn 2 Re T *
u gas u wall
* *
*
v y w 4 Ec x * w
2 T 2 Kn T *
T * gas T wall
*
T 1 Pr y * w
where
i r
v ,
i w
dEi dEr
T
dEi dEw
MOLECULAR BASED MODELS
Goal is to determine the position , velocity and state of all particles at all times.
DETERMINISTIC MODEL:
Particle described in the form of two body potential energy and time evolution of the
molecular positions by integrating Newton’s Law of motion.
Shortcomings:
Need to choose a proper and convenient potential for a fluid & solid combination.
Vast computer resources.
STATISTICAL MODEL:
Based on probability of finding a molecule at a particular position and state.
Six-dimensional phase space.
Assumption, for dilute gases with binary collision with no degrees of freedom.
N
N
k . Fk . 0
t k 1 xk k 1 xk
( nf ) ( nf ) ( nf )
j Fj J ( f , f *)
t x j x j
j 1,2,3
Non-linear collision integral, describes the net effect of populating and depopulating
collisions on the distribution.
4
J ( f , f *) n ( f * f1* ff1 ) rd(d )1
2
0
LIQUID FLOWS
The Average distance between the molecules approaches the molecular diameter.
Molecules are always in collision state.
Difficult to predict.
Non-Newtonian behaviour commences,
u
2 1
y
Ls Lo 1
c
SURFACE PHENOMENA
Modeling using the Continuum model for the Slip Flow Regime Knudsen Numbers.
Arriving at a suitable modeling technique comparable with the experimental data (if
available.)