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  • Perbedaan Penyakit Menular Dan Penyakit Tidak Menular

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    The document compares infectious and non-infectious diseases. It notes that infectious diseases generally have a single, identifiable agent that causes a specific disease, and immunity is possible. They also typically have shorter incubation periods and can result from a single exposure. In contrast, non-infectious diseases usually have no single agent and their causes are poorly understood. They tend to have longer latency periods and immunity is unlikely. The document then categorizes major disease groups and discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, highlighting examples like SARS, avian influenza, Ebola virus, and dengue fever.

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    A.emerging diseases

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    The document compares infectious and non-infectious diseases. It notes that infectious diseases generally have a single, identifiable agent that causes a specific disease, and immunity is possible. They also typically have shorter incubation periods and can result from a single exposure. In contrast, non-infectious diseases usually have no single agent and their causes are poorly understood. They tend to have longer latency periods and immunity is unlikely. The document then categorizes major disease groups and discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, highlighting examples like SARS, avian influenza, Ebola virus, and dengue fever.

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    6 views58 pages

    Perbedaan Penyakit Menular Dan Penyakit Tidak Menular

    Uploaded by

    monika
    The document compares infectious and non-infectious diseases. It notes that infectious diseases generally have a single, identifiable agent that causes a specific disease, and immunity is possible. They also typically have shorter incubation periods and can result from a single exposure. In contrast, non-infectious diseases usually have no single agent and their causes are poorly understood. They tend to have longer latency periods and immunity is unlikely. The document then categorizes major disease groups and discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, highlighting examples like SARS, avian influenza, Ebola virus, and dengue fever.

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    of 58

    PERBEDAAN PENYAKIT MENULAR DAN

    PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR


    PENYAKIT MENULAR NCDs

    Single necessary agent No single necssary agent


    Specific agent disease relationship One-on-one correspondence between agent
    and disease very rare
    Causes are relatively well understood Causes unknown, interventions usually
    basewd on risk factors
    Short incubation period Long latency period
    Single exposure usually sufficient May require multiple exposures to same or
    multiple agents
    Usually produce acute disease Most often produce chronic disease (Tp ada
    yg akut, mis keracunan, KLL)
    Acquired immunity possible Acquired immunity unlikely
    Dx based on tests specific for disease agents Dx often dependent on nonspecific
    symptoms
    KELOMPOK BESAR
    PENYAKIT
    1. Kongenital
    2. Infeksi
    3. Trauma
    4. metabolik
    5. Imunologis
    6. degeneratif
    7. Neoplasma
    8. psikis
    NEW EMERGING AND
    REEMERGING INFECTIOUS
    DISEASES

    3
    Definition

    •NewEmerging infectious diseases


    1.newly identified or
    2.previously unknown infections
    3.knowing but appearing in new geographic area
    4.Increase abruptly

    •Re-emerging infectious diseases


    re-appearance of, or
    increase in number of,
    infections from a disease previously known

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    5
    Leading Global Causes of Death -
    1990
    The Ten Leading Causes of Death, 1990
    Developed Developing
    1 Ischemic heart disease Lower Respiratory Infections
    2 Cerebrovascular disease Ischemic heart disease
    3 Lung cancer Cerebrovascular disease
    4 Lower respiratory infections Diarrheal disease
    5 COPD Perinatal conditions
    6 Colon cancer Tuberculosis
    7 Stomach cancer COPD
    8 Road traffic accidents Measles
    9 Self-inflicted injuries Malaria
    10 Diabetes mellitus Road traffic accidents
    Infectious Diseases: A World in Transition

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    •The human species continues to
    change and to change its surroundings:
    the ways we live, work, relax;
    the places we go;
    the foods we eat ...

    •The changing nature of


    our interactions with each other and
    with our environment alters
    the dynamics of disease epidemiology and
    exposes us to new threats.

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    ENVIRONTMENT

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    EMERGING DISEASES ARE NOT NEW TO MANKIND

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    NEWLY IDENTIFIED PHATOGENS
    (1973- 1989)

    1973 Rotavirus
    1975 Parvovirus B19
    1976 Cryptosporidium parvum
    1977 Ebola virus, Legionella pneumophilia,
    Hantaan virus, Campylobacter jejuni
    1980 HTLV-1
    1981 Staphylococcus toxin
    1982 E. coli O157, HTLV-2, Borrelia burgdoferi
    1983 HIV virus, Helicobacter pylori
    1988 HHV-6, Hepatitis E
    1989 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Hepatitis C
    20
    Newly identified pathogens (1990 - 1999)

    1990 Guanarito virus


    1991 Encephalitozzon hellem
    1992 Vibrio cholerae O139
    1992 Bartonella henselae
    1993 Sabia virus
    1995 Hepatitis G virus
    1995 Human herpesvirus-8
    1996 TSE causing agent (nvCJD)
    1997 Avian influenza (Type A H5N1)
    1999 Nipah virus, Avian Influenza H9N1, Stealth viruses

    21
    Newly identified pathogens (1997 – 2009)

    •1998 Nipah encephalitis


    •2003 SARS
    •2004 Avian influenza H5N1
    •2006 Chikungunya- re-emergence
    •2009 Pandemic influenza A H1N1

    22
    Since 1973
    39 newly identified pathogens,
    examples : Others re-emerged
    1973 Rotavirus Dengue/DHF
    1977 Ebola virus, Hantaan virus Cholera Malaria
    1980 HTLV-1 Chikungunya
    1983 HIV virus H pylori J. Encephalitis
    1988 Hepatitis E Leptospirosis
    1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 N.meningitidis
    1996 Avian influenza A (H5N1)
    1999 Nipah virus
    2003 SARS
    23
     Current estimates-
    1,415 microbes are infectious for human.
     Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic.
     70% of newly recognized pathogens are zoonoses.

    24
    Examples of recent emerging and re-emerging diseases

    25
    Risk factors for emerging zoonoses:
    close human animal interface in Asia

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    GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PROBABLE CASES

    28
    SARS:
    THE FIRST EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE 21ST CENTURY

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    Emergence of HPAI (H5N1)
    2003-June 2008 a total of 385 cases with 243 deaths

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    EMERGENCY DENGUE FEVER/DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER

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