Fluid Dynamics

Dr. Tauseef Ahmad Ansari

Dynamics of fluid flow:

Net force acting on the fluid mass in x direction is given by

Fx = max

Where, m = mass of fluid

ax = acceleration in x direction
The net force comprises of the following forces

Fx = Fgx + Fpx + Ftx + Fvx + Fcx

Where,
Fgx = Force due to gravity
Fpx = Force due to pressure
Ftx = Force due to turbulance
Fvx = Force due to viscosity
Fcx = Force due to compressibility.
Bernoulli's Theorem:

The total energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational

potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid
pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.

Assumptions for this Bernoulli equation to apply:

1. The flow must be steady, i.e. the flow parameters (velocity, density,
etc.) at any point cannot change with time,
2. The flow must be incompressible even though pressure varies, the
density must remain constant along a streamline.
3. Friction by viscous forces must be negligible (Ideal fluid).
4. Fluid is irrotational
 Practical applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem

Venturimeter: It is a device which is based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for

measuring the rate of flow of liquid through the pipes. Using Bernoulli’s theorem,
Venturimeter formula is given as:
Problem:
A venturimeter of 150 mm × 75 mm size is used to measure the flow rate of oil
having specific gravity of 0.9. The reading shown by the U tube manometer
connected to the venturimeter is 150 mm of mercury column. Calculate the
coefficient of discharge for the venturimeter if the flow rate is 1.7 m 3/min. (Note :
The size of venturimeter generally specified in terms of inlet and throat diameters)

Solution:
Problem:
A venturimeter is used to measure liquid flow rate of 7500 litres per minute. The
difference in pressure across the venturimeter is equivalent to 8 m of the flowing
liquid. The pipe diameter is 19 cm. Calculate the throat diameter of the
venturimeter. Assume the coefficient of discharge for the venturimeter as 0.96.
Solution:
Orifice meter:
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or
for restricting flow. Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined,
depending on the calculation associated with the orifice plate.
Problem:
An orifice meter with orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a
pipe of 20 cm diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream
and downstream of the orifice meter gives readings of 19.62
N/cm2 and 9.81 N/cm2 respectively. Co-efficient of discharge
for the meter is given as 0.6. Find the discharge of water
through pipe.