Pragmatics by George Yule

Chapter II Deixis
Harvianti Fitri
Deixis
Deixtic expression
Deixis is pointing via language with utterances. - Person deixis > me , you
- Spatial deixis (location) > here , there
- Temporal deixis (time) > now , then

EXAMPLE :
Basic uses : face to face spoken interaction between
“ I’ll put this here. ”
the speaker and the hearer.

Near speaker or proximal terms a.k.a deictic center > this , here, now

Away from speaker or distal terms > that, there, then

Person Deixis
Higher social status > honirifics > politeness
The speaker’s refer to itself (first) Another circumstances > social deixis
- I , me
- We ‘inclusive’ (speaker and addressee included)

The speaker’s and addressee

- You (singular)
- You (plural)

The speaker’s and the others

- He, she, it
Spatial Deixis
The concept of distance where the relative location of people between things is indicated.

deictic word :
Here (near the speaker) > This Pscychological distance (thought) – Pscyhically distance
There (away from the speaker) more distant > That

“ I was looking at this little puppy in a cage

“ I am not here now “ with such a sad look on its face, ‘Oh I’m so
unhappy here, will you set me free?’
Temporal Deixis
Now : the time when the speaker and the hearer being now

Then November, 22nd 1963? I was in Scottland then.

Then ( past ) distal expression :

Then
Dinner at 8.30 on Saturday? I’ll see you then.
Then ( future ) proximal expression :

Another deictic expression of temporal > yesterday, tomorrow, today, Today , tonight > depend on the context
tonight, last week, next week
Chapter III Reference and Inference
Reference is an act in which a speaker,listener, or Inference
writer use linguistic forms to enable a listener or Speaker and listener
reader to identify something. intend to something
particular.
Referring expression > something ?
Noun,noun phrase definite,noun phrase
indefinite,pronoun.

Mister Aftershave is late today.

Referential and attributives uses
Attributives uses > something that fits in the
Referring expression – identifiable physical referent
description between the speaker and listener.

- There’s a man waiting for you.

- He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
- We’d love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball
player.
Names and Referents
Pragmatic view > the speaker and the listener are in the
same situation.

Can I borrow your Shakespeare?

Yeah, it’s over there on the table.
The role of co-text
Referring expression provides a range of reference,
it means number of possible referents. > depend on
the interpretation.

Co – text > part of the physical environment that

accompanying the referring expression.

- The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.

- The cheese sandwich left without paying.
Anaphoric reference
Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers Zero anaphora = ellipsis > same environment and same
back to other ideas in the text for its meaning. It can be assumption.
compared with cataphoric reference, which means a
word refers to ideas later in the text. Cook ? for three minutes.

In the film, a man and woman were trying to wash a cat.

The man was holding the cat while the woman poured Cataphora > when ‘it’ is used first before the anaphora.
water on it. He said something to her and they started - I turned the corner and the almost stepped on it.
laughing. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.

Antecedant > initial expression

Anaphora > subsequent expression