ELECTRICAL

BASICS
Presented by : Santosh Kumar Gouda
 IEC
NEC
BIS
References
IEEMA
Ministry of Power
CPRI
 An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical
wiring in a building or structure.
Conduit Pipes Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay.
Most conduits are rigid, but flexible conduits are also used for some
purposes.
 Classification of Conduit Pipes
a) According to material:
I) Metal conduits.
2) Insulating conduits.
3) Composite conduits

b) According to the method of connection:

1) Threadable conduits ( only plain conduits).
2) Non-threadable conduits.
i) Plain conduits.
ii) Corrugated conduit

c) According to mechanical properties:

1) Conduits for very light mechanical stresses.
2) Conduits for light mechanical stresses.
3) Conduits for medium mechanical stresses.
4) Conduits for heavy mechanical stresses.
5) Conduits for very heavy mechanical stresses
d) According to suitability for bending:
I) Rigid conduits.
2) Flexible conduits.
3) Self-recovering conduits.
4) Pliable conduits.

e) According to resistance to flame propagation:

I) Non-flame propagating conduits.
2) Flame propagating conduits.

f) According to electrical characteristics:

1) With electrical insulating characteristics.
2) Without electrical insulating characteristics.
g) According to resistance to external influences:
I) Resistance against ingress of water:
i) Unprotected conduits.
ii) Conduits with protection against sprays, splashes and jets.
iii) Conduits with protection against waves and immersion,
iv) Conduits with protection against submersion.

2) Resistance against corrosive or polluting substances.

i) Conduits with the same protection on the outside and the inside
conduits with low protection
conduits with medium protection
conduits with high protection
ii) Conduits with greater protection on the outside than the inside
conduits with medium protection outside and low protection inside
conduits with high protection outside and low protection inside
conduits with high protection outside and medium protection inside.
h) According to resistance to solar radiation:
1) Conduits without protection against solar radiation
2) Conduits with protection against solar radiation.
i) Conduits with low protection against radiation.
ii) Conduits with medium protection against radiation.
iii) Conduits with high protection against radiation
PVC Conduit Pipes
 PVC Conduit Pipes

There are 3 type of PVC conduit pipes :-

1. Conduits for light mechanical stresses - LMS

2. Conduits for medium mechanical stresses - MMS
3. Conduits Tor heavy mechanical stresses - HMS
 General Requirements

Temperature : - 5 to 60 degree Celsius

Marking of conduits shall be repeated in regular intervals not longer than 3 meter but
preferably of 1 meter.

Rigid conduits shall be marked at least once on each manufacturing length, preferably 50
mm from one end.

Markings shall be checked by inspection and by rubbing lightly the marking by band for
15 seconds with a piece of cloth soaked with water and again for 15 seconds with a piece
of cloth soaked with petroleum spirit.

The minimum length of a conduit shall be 3 m. Preferred lengths are 3 m and 4 m.

 DIMENSIONS OF THE CONDUITS

Nominal Outside Dia Tolerance Inside Diameter (min)

Dia (mm) (mm) (mm) Light Medium Heavy

16 16 -0.3 mm 13.7 13.0 12.2

20 20 -0.3mm 17.4 16.9 15.8
25 25 -0.4mm 22.1 21.4 20.6
32 32 -0.4mm 28.6 27.8 26.6
40 40 -0.4mm 35.8 35.4 34.4
50 50 -0.5mm 45.1 44.3 43.2
63 63 -0.6mm 57.0 _ _
Uniformity of wall thickness :

In no case shall the difference between the value measured and the average of the twelve values
obtained from the three samples exceed 0∙1 mm + 10 percent of the average value.
 Tests for Conduit Pipe

Sl No Type of Test
01 Dimension Checking
02 Bend Test
03 Compression Test
04 Impact Test
05 Collapse Test
06 Resistance to Heat
07 Resistance to Burning
08 Electrical Characteristics
 CABLES & WIRES

What is the difference between Wires & Cables???

 Difference between Wires & Cables

• Wire is a single electrical conductor, whereas a cable is a group of insulated wires wrapped in a
jacket.

• Wires are bare, twisted and are sometimes PVC insulated. But Cables are never bared, are always
insulated and wrapped in a jacket.
Type of wires

1) Solid Wire : A solid wire has a single conductor and is either insulated or bare and it is usually protected by a coloured
sheath

2) Stranded wire : A standard wire contains many thin wire strands that are twisted together
Type of Cables
 Based on Voltage
 Low-tension cables — up to 1000 V
 High-tension cables — up to 11000 V
 Super-tension cables — from 22 kV to 33 kV
 Extra high-tension cables — from 33 kV to 66 kV
 Extra super voltage cables — beyond 132 kV

Note : In India,nominal Extra High Voltage lines in vogue are ± 800 kV HVDC & 765 kV, 400 kV,
230/220 kV, 110 kV and 66 kV AC lines.
Type of cable based on cores

(i)     Single-core
(ii)    Two-core
(iii)   Three-core
(iv)    Four-core etc.
 Types of cables based on Insulation Materials

• PVC Cables – 11 KV
• XLPE Cables - 220 KV
• Elastomeric Cables – 33 KV

Applications of elastomeric Cables: Welding Cables, Ship wiring cables, Pressure Tight Cables
and cables for submerged connection, Railways locomotives and coach wiring cables, mining cables,
Ship wiring, Defense applications,Earth moving machines etc.
Insulation material Max. operating temperature

PVC TYPE A 70°C

PVC TYPE B 70°C

PVC TYPE C 85°C

XLPE 90°C

RUBBER (IE-2,IE3,IE4 ) 90°C

Elastomer Cables
SILICON RUBBER - IE-5 150°C
 What is XLPE
XLPE or Cross-linked polyethylene is a thermoset insulation material. Crosslinking polymers is a process
which changes the molecular structure of the polymer chains so that they are more tightly bound
together and this crosslinking is done either by chemical means or physical means. Chemical crosslinking
involves the addition of chemicals or initiators such as silane or peroxide to generate free radicals which
form the crosslinking. Physical crosslinking involves subjecting the polymer to a high energy source such
as high-energy electron or microwave radiation.

Polyethylene (PE) material itself has excellent dielectric strength, high insulation resistance, and a low
dissipation factor at all frequencies making it an ideal insulator, however it is limited in its temperature
range. Cross-linking the PE to become XLPE increases the temperature range of the insulation whilst
maintaining the electrical properties.
 Comparison Study between PVC Cables & XLPE Cables
Sl No Properties PVC XLPE
01 Heat resistance Low ,Can High ,Can
withstand 160 °C withstand 250 °C
under SCC under SCC
02 Overloading Capacity _ Higher than PVC

03 Corrosion Resistance - Higher than PVC

04 Moisture Resistance _ 100 times higher

than PVC

05 Resistance to Vibration & _ Better than PVC

Impacts

06 Current Rating _ Higher than PVC

07 Mechanical properties _ Better than PVC
08 Service Life 25-30 yrs 40-60 yrs
Wire Lettering – The letters THHN, THWN, THW and XHHN represent the main insulation
types of individual wires. These letters depict the following NEC requirements :

 T – Thermoplastic insulation
 H – Heat resistance
 HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F)
 W – Suitable for wet locations
 N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas
 X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant
 Coding of PVC Cables

Constituent Code Letter

Alminium Conductor A
PVC Insulation Y
PVC Sheath Y
Suitable for outer use OU
PVC with FR properties FR
PVC with FRLSH properties FRLSH
Note :

1. No code letter is required when the conductor material is copper.

2. In case of copper single core unsheathed PVC cable with FR or FR-LSH properties, the abbreviation FR or FR-LSH to be
used after the complete cable code that is for example, Y (FR) or Y (FR-LSH).
3. In case of copper multicore PVC insulated and sheathed cable with FR or FR-LSH properties, the abbreviation FR or
FRLSH to be used after the cable code, that is for example YY (FR) or YY (FR-LSH)
 Coding of XLPE Cable
SL No Constituent Code Letter
1 Aluminium conductor A
2 XLPE insulation 2X
3 Copper Screen C
4 Steel round wire armour W
5 Non-magnetic round wire armour Wa
6 Steel strip armour F
7 Non-magnetic strip armour Fa
8 Double steel round wire armour WW
9 Double steel strip armour FF
10 Lead Alloy Sheath Ly
11 Aluminum Sheath A
12 PVC Outer Sheath Y
13 Poly-ethelene Outer Sheath 2Y
14 Metallic Screening (usually of copper) over CE
each individual core
15 Holding Helix Tape (of Steel) Gb
A2XWY Cable
A2XWY is depicted as
A = Aluminium Conductor
2X= Cross-linked Polyethylene
W = Steel Round Wire Armour
Y  = PVC Outer Sheath
A2XCEWY Cable
A2XCEWY is depicted as
A  = Aluminium Conductor
2X= Cross-linked Polyethylene
CE= Copper Metallic Screening over each  individual
core
W = Steel Round Wire Armour
Y  = PVC Outer Sheath
 Elastomer Insulated Cables

Elastomeric Cable Identification

Heat resisting rubber HR 90

Silicon rubber HR 150

Coding of Elastomeric Cable :

Alurnimum conductor A
Elastomer Insulation R

Braiding, compounding or varnishing B

Elastomer sheath R
Earth conunuity conductor ECC
 Types of Cables based on their purpose
1. Ribbon Electric Cables
It consists of multiple insulated wires running parallel with one another and are used for transmission of multiple
data simultaneously. For example, this is used to connect the CPU with the motherboard and are generally used for
interconnection of networking devices.
2. Shielded Cables
It consists of 1 or 2 insulated wires which are covered by a woven braided shield or aluminium Mylar foil for better
signal transmission and removing irregularities in the frequency of power and external interference in radio. These cables
transmit high voltage electric current and are protected by a shield.
3. Twisted Pair Cables
It has two or more insulated copper wires which are twisted with each other and are colour-coded. These types of
wires are usually used in telephone cables and the resistance to external interference can be measured by the number of
wires.
4. Coaxial Cables
This consists of solid copper or steel conductor plated with copper which is enclosed in the metallic braid and metallic
tape. This is entirely covered with an insulated protective outer jacket. These type of cables are used for computer
networking and audio-video networking.
5. Fibre Optics Cable
There are these types of cables which transport optical data signals from an attached light source to the receiving
device. We are pretty much aware of what is optical fibre and its uses in a wide variety of applications.
 Type of cables based on Fire Performance
Category Environment Description
O1 Cables ill open areas
C1 Cables in constrained
areas
C2 Cables in constrained areas with
limited human activity aod/or
presence of sophisticated systems
Type Cable Definition
_ Flame retardent. Single cable
self-extinguisbing does not
propagate flame.
FR Flame retardent. Does not
propagate fire even when
installed in groups in vertical
ducts.
FR-LSH Flame retardent cables with
reduced halogen evolution and
smoke.
What is difference between Flame Resistant & Flame Retardant Cable???
Flame Retardant Cable: Flame retardant cables are designed to resist the spread of fire
into a new area.

Fire Resistant Cables: Fire resistant or fire rated cables are designed to maintain circuit
integrity and continue to work for a specified period of time under defined conditions.
Fire Survival/ Circuit Integrity Cable
 An overview of Fire performance Cables

• Globally the norm is to use Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LS0H) wiring. It is only in India, where
Flame Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) products are allowed.

• They are FR (Fire Retardant) cables, Fire Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) cables,FRLSH cables, Low
Smoke Zero Halogen (LS0H) cables and Fire Survival (FS) cables/Circuit Integrity Cables/Fire
Resistant Cables.

FS Cables - public buildings and constructions (such as hospitals, theatres, shopping developments,
tunnels, mass transit railways, oil & petrochemical plants, power stations and computer
installations) where the danger to life, equipment and structures may be greatly increased in the
event of a power failure due to fire.
Current Rating of Cable
The current rating of the cable is defined as the maximum current carrying capacity of the power cable under normal
operating condition. The current rating of power cable decided the upper limit of power transfer by a cable. It mostly
depends on the insulation temperature and electrical resistance of the conductor. The cable rating is classified under three
headings. These are

 Normal maximum continuous current rating.

 Over-current rating
 Short- Circuit rating

Over Current Rating

The over current rating rating depends on the thermal conditions of the cable. The value of maximum continuous current
ratings of cables is supplied by manufacturers.The rating valid for the specified conditions of installation (depth of laying,
ground temperature, air temperature, etc.)

Short Circuit Rating

In short circuit conditions, the current flows through the cables are many times the full load value of the current. The heat
produced in the conductor is proportional to the square of the current. The duration of a short circuit is very small. The
temperature gain under short circuit conditions is greater than the maximum permissible temperature for continuous
rating.
The short circuit rating of the cable depends on upon the maximum current attained by the cable under short circuit
condition.
Temperature rating &Temperature Index
The temperature rating of a cable is the maximum temperature at which it may be operated without damaging the insulation.
The ‘temperature index’ of a material is the minimum temperature at which the material supports combustion in air
containing 21% oxygen when tested under controlled conditions.

Voltage Rating
The voltage rating of a cable refers to the maximum voltage to which it may be connected (and have running through it).
If the voltage rating is exceeded, the insulation between cable cores, or between a cable core and earth, may break down
and cause a short circuit or a fire.
A typical voltage rating is 0.6/1 kV. This means that a cable with this rating is capable of withstanding a voltage of 0.6 kV
(600 volts rms) between the conductor and earth, and 1 kV (1000 V rms) between adjacent conductors.

Oxygen Index
‘Oxygen index’ is the minimum concentration of oxygen in an oxygen/nitrogen mixture in which the material will
burn.
Size
The size of a cable is usually known as the total cross sectional area (CSA) of the conducting material in each core and is
expressed in square millimetres.
The size of the cable can also be referred to as the number of strands followed by the diameter of each strand (i.e.
number of strands/diameter of each strand (in mm)).
A typical three core flexible cord used in portable appliances (such as a kettle or toaster) has three insulated cores.

The total nominal cross sectional area of each core is 1 square mm, so the 'size' of the cable is 1 square mm.
Each core consists of 32 strands of 0.02 mm diameter copper wire. Therefore the size of the cable could also be written as
(32/0.02).
Cable Construction
The construction and material of the power cables are determined by three main factors:

• Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation

• Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s)
• Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and
mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cable jacket.
Different Parts of Cable

• Conductor
• Conductor screen
• Insulation
• Insulation Screen
• Conductor Sheath
• Filler
• Bedding/Inner Sheath
• Individual screen (Instrumentation cables)
• Drain Wire (Instrumentation cables)
• Overall Sceen (Instrumentation cables)
• Armour
• Outer Sheath
• Protective Layer
 1. Conductors

Electrical conductors are types of metals that allows the electric current to flow through it. The
electric conductor is made up of different metals like aluminium, copper, gold,silver etc. and their
alloys.

Copper :
Copper which at 20°C has a resistivity of 1/58 = (0.017 241....) ohm mm2/m is said to have a conductivity of
100 percent IACS ( International Annealed Copper Standard )
Aluminum:
Aluminium has 61% of the conductivity of copper. The cross sectional area of an aluminium
conductor must be 56% larger than copper for the same current carrying capability.
Aluminum Conductor

Grade Tensile Strength Application

(N/mm2)
O Upto & including 100 Shaped Conductor &
Welding cables
H2 100-150 C/s Area upto 10mm2
H4 Above 150 C/s Area upto 10mm2
O, H2 & H4 _ Other than above

O Grade : Annealed – Applies to product which has been heated to produce the lowest strength
condition to improve ductility and dimensional stability

H2 Grade – Strain Hardened and Partially Annealed.

H4 Grade – Strain Hardened and Lacquered or Painted.
Copper Conductor

O - Annealed
HB - Half-hard
HD - Hard

Annealing – is the process of gradually heating and cooling the conductor material to make it more malleable
and less brittle.

Coating – surface coating (eg. tin, nickel, silver, lead alloy) of copper conductors is common to prevent the
insulation from attacking or adhering to the copper conductor and prevents deterioration of copper at high
temperatures. Tin coatings were used in the past to protect against corrosion from rubber insulation, which
contained traces of the sulfur used in the vulcanising process.

Conductivity – 97 to 100 %

Impurity – 0.03 to 0.06 %

 Conductor classification based on Installation

Cables for fixed installation Class 1 & Class 2

The Flexibles Class 5 & 6
Copper welding cables Class 6

Aluminium conductors for welding cables have not been assigned any
class number.

Class 1 – Solid Conductor

Class 2 - Stranded Circular Non-Compacted Conductors, Stranded compacted circular conductors & shaped
conductors
Class 5 & 6 – Flexible conductors
Tests for Conductor

Copper Conductor

1) Resistance Test
2) Persulphate Test
3) Annealing Test

Aluminum Conductor

1) Annealing Test
2) Tensile Test
3) Wrapping Test
4) Resistance Test
Comparison Chart between Aluminum & Copper Conductor

/°C

g/cm3
2.Conductor screen

• The Main Purpose of Conductor Screen is to maintain a uniformly divergent electric field, and to contain the
electric field within the cable core.
• Conductor Screen is semi-conducting material because Semi-conducting materials do not conduct electricity
well enough to be a conductor but will not hold back voltage. It “smoothes” out the surface irregularities of
the conductor. The conductor shield makes the voltage on the inside of the insulation the same

Materials: Extruded thermoset semi-conducting compound, carbon paper and carbon loaded polymer.
3.Insulation
• Insulation is a nonconductive material, or a material resistant to the flow of electric current. It is often called a
dielectric in radio frequency cables.
• Insulation resists electrical leakage, prevents the wire’s current from coming into contact with other conductors and
preserves the material integrity of the wire by protecting against environmental threats such as water and heat.
• The safety and effectiveness of the wire depend on its insulation.

The insulating materials used in cables should have the following properties:

• High insulating resistance to avoid leakage current.

• High dielectric strength to avoid electrical breakdown.
• High mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical handling of cables.
• Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air and soil. The moisture tends to decrease the insulating
resistance and hastens the breakdown of the cable. In case the insulating material is hygroscopic, it must be
enclosed in a waterproof covering like lead sheath.
• Non-inflammable.
• Low cost so as to make the underground system a viable proposition.
• Unaffected by acids and alkalies to avoid any chemical action.
• Low permittivity.
• Capacity to withstand high rupturing voltage
Materials :

Rubber : Rubber may be natural and synthetic. Its relative permittivity is between 2 and3; dielectric strength is 30
KV/mm.

Vulcanized India Rubber (VIR): It is prepared by mixing India rubber with mineral matter such as sulphur, zinc
oxide, red lead etc. though vulcanized process improve the non-hygroscopic and other properties like strength,
durability, resilience, elasticity etc;but it still reduces its specific insulation resistance. The main drawback is that
owing to sulphur content it attacks copper.

Impregnated Paper: It is prepared from wood pulp rags or plant fibers by a suitable chemical process. It is quite
cheap, has low capacitance, and high insulation resistivity.The only disadvantage is that it is hygroscopic, and even
it is impregnated with compound, it absorbs moisture, which lowers insulation resistance.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): This is a synthetic compound and is processed with certain material known as
plasticizers. It is inert to oxygen and almost inert to alkalies and acid and therefore its use is preferred over VIR

Polyethylene: Polyethylene is a straight chain polymer derived from ethylene. Its electrical property is very good.
The maximum operating temperature under the short circuit is 100°C. It has limited use in power cables.
Cross-linked polyethylene: Low density polyethylene, when vulcanized under controlled conditions, results in
cross-linking of carbon atom and the compound produced is a new material having high melting point with light
weight, small dimension and good mechanical strength.

Varnished Cambric (or Empire Tape): This is cotton cloth impregnated and coated with varnish. The cambric is
lapped in the form of tap on to the conductor and its surface is coated with petroleum jelly compound to give easy
sliding of the surface.

Gutta –percha: It is similar to rubber but it becomes soft at about 65°C. It is non-hygroscopic but cannot withstand
even medium voltages.

Silk and cotton: This is used in low voltage cables. The conductor may have a single layer or double layer covering
depending upon the requirements of service. Silk and cotton covered wire are usually used for instruments and motor
winding.

Enamel Insulation: The wire used on the coils of meters, relays, small transformers, motor windings, and so forth,
is called magnet wire. This wire is insulated with an enamel coating.These wires are cheaper than silk and cotton
covered wires and therefore for low voltage machine and instruments enameled wires are used. Enamel insulation is
liable to crack.
4. Insulation Screen

• An extruded layer of semi conducting is applied over the insulation layer to insure that the electric stress is
homogenous around the insulated core. The semi conducting layer shall be firmly bonded to the outer layer
of the insulation layer.

• The purpose of insulation screen is same as conductor screen.

• The purpose of insulation screen is to reduce voltage stress at the interface between the conducting and
insulating component.

Materials : Extruded thermo set semi-conducting compound, Carbon paper and carbon loaded polymer.
5.Conductor Sheath
A conductive sheath / shield, typically of copper tape or sometimes lead alloy, is used as a shield to keep electromagnetic radiation in, and also provide a path for
fault and leakage currents (sheaths are earthed at one cable end). Lead sheaths are heavier and potentially more difficult to terminate than copper tape, but
generally provide better earth fault capacity.

.
6 Filler
The interstices of the insulated conductor bundle is sometimes filled, usually with a soft polymer material.

7. Bedding / Inner Sheath

Typically a thermoplastic (eg. PVC) or thermosetting (eg. CSP-Chloro Sulphanated Polyethylene) compound, the inner sheath is there to keep the bundle
together and to provide a bedding for the cable armour.

8. Individual Screen (Instrument Cables)

An individual screen is occasionally applied over each insulated conductor bundle for shielding against noise / radiation and interference from other conductor
bundles. Screens are usually a metallic (copper, aluminium) or semi-metallic (PETP/Al) tape or braid. Typically used in instrument cables, but not in power cables.
9. Drain Wire (Instrument Cables)
Each screen has an associated drain wire, which assists in the termination of the screen. Typically used in
instrument cables, but not in power cables.

Drain wires are used in cables in conjunction with a metallic shield to ensure effective grounding. The
drain wire serves to complete an electrical circuit from the shield and carry unwanted electrical
noise to ground away from the circuit.

The drain wires are usually tinned copper conductors. The tin coating helps prevent dissimilar metal
reaction between the copper conductor and an aluminum screen.

10. Overall Screen (Instrument Cables)

An overall screen is applied over all the insulated conductor bundles for shielding against noise / radiation,
interference from other cables and surge / lightning protection. Screens are usually a metallic (copper,
aluminium) or semi-metallic (PETP/Al) tape or braid. Typically used in instrument cables, but not in power cables.
11. Armour
For mechanical protection of the conductor bundle. Steel wire armour or braid is typically used. Tinning or galvanising is
used for rust prevention. Phosphor bronze or tinned copper braid is also used when steel armour is not allowed.
 SWA - Steel wire armour, used in multi-core cables (magnetic),
 AWA - Aluminium wire armour, used in single-core cables (non-magnetic).

12. Outer Sheath

Applied over the armour for overall mechanical, weather, chemical and electrical protection. Typically a thermoplastic (eg.
PVC) or thermosetting(eg. CSP : Chloro-Sulphanated Polyethylene) compound, and often the same material as the
bedding. Outer sheath is normally colour coded to differentiate between LV, HV and instrumentation cables.
Manufacturer’s markings and length markings are also printed on the outer sheath.

The materials for the sheath are selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground conditions, chemical vapors,
impact, or high temperatures

13.Termite Protection
For underground cables, a nylon jacket can be applied for termite protection, although sometimes a phosphor bronze tape
is used.
Types of Cables & their structural arrangements
Low Voltage Power & Control Cables
FAS Cable
Low Voltage Instrumentation Cables
Medium & High Voltage Power Cables

Submarine cable overview

Tech Cable Over View
Mining Cable Overview
Paper-Insulated Lead-Covered Cable overview
Aluminum Sheathed Cable Overview
Shielded Cable Over View
Concentric Cable Overview
High Voltage Cable Overview
 Tests for cables ( XLPE - 1.1 KV )
SL Type of Tests Sl No Type of Tests
No
01 Tests for Conductor 08 Physical Test for Outer Sheath
02 Test for Armouring wires/strips i) Tensile Strength & Elongation at break
03 Test for thickness of Insulation & ii) Aging in Air Oven
sheath
04 Physical Test for Insulation iii) Hot Deformation
i) Tensile Strength & Elongation at break iv) Shrinkage Test
ii) Aging in Air Oven v) Heat Shock Test
iii) Hot Set Test vi) Thermal Stability
iv) Shrinkage Test Vii) Loss of Mass in Air Oven
v) Water Absorption Test 09 Oxygen Index Test
05 Insulation Resistance Test 10 Flame Retardance Test
06 High Voltage Test 11 Smoke Density Test
07 Flammability Test 12 Halogen Acid Gas Evolution Test
 Packaging & Marking ( XLPE -1.1 KV )
a) Reference to the Indian Standard. For example, Ref IS : 7098 (Part I)
b) Manufacturer's name or trade-mark
c) Type of cable and voltage grade
d) Number of cores
e) Nominal cross sectional area of conductor
f) Cable code
g) Length of cable on the drum
h) Number of lengths on the drum (if more than one)
i) Direction of rotation of drum (by means of an arrow)
j) Gross mass
k) Country of manufacture
l) Year of manufacture.
Thank You