OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lecture students will be able to know:

 Concept of Mode

1. Mode For Individual Observations

2. Mode For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

3. Mode For Grouped Frequency Distribution

 Quartile

1. Quartile For Individual Observations

2. Quartile For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

3. Quartile For Grouped Frequency Distribution

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 OUTLINE

Mode

1. Mode For Individual Observations

2. Mode For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

3. Mode For Grouped Frequency Distribution

Quartile

4. Quartile For Individual Observations

5. Quartile For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

6. Quartile For Grouped Frequency Distribution

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 MODE

 Mode is that value of the variate which occurs maximum number of times in a distribution and
around which other items are densely distributed.

 In the words of Croxton and Cowden, “The mode of a distribution is the value at the point
around which the items tend to be most heavily concentrated.

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 WHEN INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS
ARE GIVEN:

 For a given data set, there can be one or more than one mode. As long as those elements all
have the same frequency and that frequency is the highest, they are all the modal elements of
the data set.

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 WHEN UNGROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION IS GIVEN

 In order to find the mode of an ungrouped data, we have to find the frequency of each number in the given

data set. Then, we have to choose the number having the highest frequency as the mode.

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 WHEN GROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION IS GIVEN

 We have defined mode as the element which has the highest frequency in a given data set. In
grouped data, we can find two kinds of mode: the Modal Class, or class with the highest
frequency and the mode itself, which we calculate from the modal class using the formula
below. 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = L + ( ∗ 𝐶𝐼)
𝑓1 + 𝑓2
L= Lower limit of model class
f1= the frequency of the class Succeeding the model class
f2= the frequency of the class preceding the model class
CI= Class Interval

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 QUARTILE

 The values of a variable that divide a distribution into four equal parts are called quartiles. Since three

values are needed to divide a distribution into four parts, there are three quartiles, viz. Q1, Q2 and Q3,

known as the first, second and the third quartile respectively.

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 WHEN INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS
ARE GIVEN

 When there are n number of items, Quartiles are given by

𝑛+1
𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4
2(𝑛 + 1)
𝑄2 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4
3(𝑛 + 1)
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4

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 WHEN UNGROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION IS GIVEN

 In the case of discrete series or ungrouped frequency distribution, we first find the cumulative frequency.

The last cumulative frequency will be N.

𝑛+1
𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4
2(𝑛 + 1)
𝑄2 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4
3(𝑛 + 1)
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
4

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 WHEN GROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION IS GIVEN

In the case of continuous series or grouped frequency distribution, we find the cumulative frequency

first and then use the interpolation

𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
formula.
𝑄1 = L + ( 4 ∗ 𝐶𝐼)
𝑓
2𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑄2 = L + ( 4 ∗ 𝐶𝐼)
𝑓
3𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑄3 = L + ( 4 ∗ 𝐶𝐼)
𝑓

Where,
L = lower limit of the Q1, Q2 and Q3 classes respectively.
cf = cumulative frequency of the class just preceding the corresponding classes.
f = frequency of the Q1, Q2 and Q3 classes respectively and
CI = class Interval of the corresponding classes

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 CONCLUSION

Mode

1) Mode For Individual Observations

2) Mode For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

3) Mode For Grouped Frequency Distribution

Quartile

4) Quartile For Individual Observations

5) Quartile For Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

6) Quartile For Grouped Frequency Distribution 11

 REFERENCES

1. Elementary statistics By: Allan G. Bluman, seventh Edition

2. Fundamentals of Statistics By Attaullah Hazrat & Muzamil Haqmal

3. Statistics for Business and Economics By: David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, Thomas
A.Williams, Eleventh Edition

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