Combined Axial and Bending

Stress
Members subject to combined axial force and bending
moment are called beam-column. The bending moment
can be due to lateral loads or an eccentric load.
Lateral loads are live loads that are applied parallel to the ground; that is, they are horizontal
forces acting on a structure. 

Eccentric loads Distance between the actual line of action of compressive or tensile loads and the
line of action that would produce a uniform stress over the cross section of the specimen.
Axial Compression and Bending

When a member is acted upon by these loads, the stresses produced (axial stresses and bending
stress) is not added to obtain the combined stresses. Additional stresses resulting from a
secondary moment (caused by P-∆ effect) must be taken into account, especially when the
member is subject to large axial compressive force.

The secondary moment are known as secondary-order effects. To account for this second-order
effects, moment amplification factors are used
Examples of Axial Compression

-Connecting rods in an engine, struts in aircraft engine mounts, members of a truss

representing a bridge or a building, spokes in bicycle wheels, columns in a building-these
are some other examples of structural members that are analyzed as axial members.

The compression force results in compressive stresses and tensile force in tensile stresses.

Therefore, bending stress is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses due to internal
moments.
Small Axial Compression

An axial compressive load on a beam-column is considered “small” when fa/Fa does not
exceed 0.15. Such a member is essentially a beam and a simplified interaction equation is used
without the amplification factor