HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transfer Phenomenon

Q
T1 = 50oC T2 = 30oC

T1 = T2 = T = Constant
`

Q = Rate of heat transfer = Amount of heat trnsfer

per unit time , (kJ/hr)
T1 – T2 = ∆T = Temperature Difference

Driving Force for Heat Transfer

 Three Modes of Heat Transfer

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Conduction
 Conduction is the transfer of energy from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.

 Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or

gases.
CONCEPT OF
CONDUCTION
 In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the molecules during
their random motion. In solids, it is due to the
combination of vibrations of the molecules in their
lattice.
 Convection
 Convection is the mode of energy transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or
gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion.

 The faster the fluid motion, the greater the

convective heat transfer.
 In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat
transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.

 The presence of bulk motion of the fluid

enhances the heat transfer between the solid
surface and the fluid.
 In fluids, convective heat and mass transfer
take place through both diffusion – the random
Brownian motion of individual particles in the
fluid – and by advection, in which matter or heat
is transported by the larger-scale motion of
currents in the fluid.

 In the context of heat and mass transfer, the

term "convection" is used to refer to the sum of
diffusive and advective transfer.

IS THERE ANY CONVECTION OCCUR IN

SOLIDS?
 Radiation
 Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in
the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons).

 Unlike conduction and convection, the

transfer of energy by radiation does not require
the presence of an intervening medium.
In fact, energy transfer by radiation is
fastest (at the speed of light). This is how the
energy of the sun reaches the earth.
Application Areas of Heat Transfer
 Heat Transfer Applications in Chemical Engineering

Chemical Unit
25 C
o Operation
Heater Reaction at Cooler requiring low
temperature
200 o C

 Let a chemicl reaction occur at 200o C and after reactor the

next unit operation requires a low temperation. It means that
the rectants must be heated to 200 oC and then product stream
must be cooled for next operation.
 Some heating and cooling device should be there.

Both heater and cooler are heat

transfer equipment.
 Do the installation of heater and cooler increase the cost?
There may be another case:

Heat Chemical Reaction Unit

Operation
Exchange at requiring low
r 200 o C temperature

 The heat energy of the product stream can be utilized to heat

the rectant stream. The product stream is cooled itself.

This can be accomplished by using a Heat

Exchanger
 Cooling jacket Hot Water out

Chemical Products
Reactants
Reaction at
30 o C

Cold Water In

 Let an exothermic chemical reaction occurs at 30o C. As reaction is exothermic

so heat will be continuously generated tended to increase the temperature of
reactor. But the temperature should be kept constant.
What should you do to keep the temperature constant?
The heat generated must be removed from the reactor!
External cooling jacket or internal cooling coils may
be used to transfer the energy of reaction to water.