FILTRATION AND

CRYSTALLIZATION
A PRESENTATION DONE BY:
DAMANI ROBERTS, DILLION BROWN, NYROBI ADAMS, ERNEST HOO KIM, JEHVAUNI MCDONALD, RENALDO BARETT
FILTRATION

Filtration is a process used to separate 

solids from liquids or gases using a filter
Filtration is typically an imperfect
medium that allows the fluid to pass
process. Some fluid remains on the feed
through but not the solid. The term
side of the filter or embedded in the filter
"filtration" applies whether the filter is
media and some small solid particulates
mechanical, biological, or physical. The
find their way through the filter. As a
fluid that passes through the filter is
chemistry and engineering technique,
called the filtrate. The filter medium may
there is always some lost product,
be a surface filter, which is a solid that
whether it's the liquid or solid being
traps solid particles, or a depth filter,
collected.
which is a bed of material that traps the
solid.
 •  FILTRATION IS PROCESS OF REMOVING
SUSPENDED SOLID PARTICLES FROM A LIQUID
USES OF OR GAS. THIS PROCESS IS PERFORMED WITH
THE HELP OF A MEDIUM CALLED A FILTER
FILTRATION MEDIA. THE PROCESS IS USED IN CHEMICAL
AND PETROCHEMICAL, AUTOMOTIVE, METALS
AND MINING INDUSTRIES.
 Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a
suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid, a gas or a
supercritical fluid.

IMPORTANC
E OF
FILTRATION Filtration is a physical, biological or chemical
operation that separates solid matter and fluid from a
mixture with a filter medium that has a complex
structure through which only the fluid can pass. Solid
particles that cannot pass through the filter medium are
described as oversize and the fluid that passes through
is called the filtrate.
 •  WATER OR A LIQUID FLOWS THROUGH
A FILTER DESIGNED TO REMOVE PARTICLES IN
THE WATER. THE FILTERS ARE MADE OF
PROCESS OF LAYERS OF SAND AND GRAVEL, AND IN SOME
CASES, CRUSHED
FILTRATION ANTHRACITE. FILTRATION COLLECTS THE
SUSPENDED IMPURITIES IN WATER AND
ENHANCES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
DISINFECTION.
 • BREWING COFFEE INVOLVES • MANY AQUARIUMS USE
EXAMPLES OF PASSING HOT WATER THROUGH THE
GROUND COFFEE AND A FILTER. THE FILTERS CONTAINING
FILTRATION LIQUID COFFEE IS THE FILTRATE.
STEEPING TEA IS MUCH THE SAME,
FIBERS THAT CAPTURE
PARTICULATES.
BY USING WHETHER YOU USE A TEA BAG
(PAPER FILTER) OR TEA BALL
• BELT FILTERS RECOVER
EXPERIMENTS (USUALLY, A METAL FILTER).
• THE KIDNEYS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF A PRECIOUS METALS
BIOLOGICAL FILTER. BLOOD IS DURING MINING.
FILTERED BY THE GLOMERULUS.
ESSENTIAL MOLECULES ARE • WATER IN AN AQUIFER
REABSORBED BACK INTO THE
BLOOD.
IS RELATIVELY PURE
• AIR CONDITIONERS AND MANY
BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN
VACUUM CLEANERS USE HEPA FILTERED THROUGH
FILTERS TO REMOVE DUST AND SAND AND PERMEABLE
POLLEN FROM THE AIR.
ROCK IN THE GROUND.
 Crystallization is the solidification of
atoms or molecules into a highly
structured form called a crystal.
Usually, this refers to the slow 
precipitation of crystals from a solution
of a substance. However, crystals can
form from a pure melt or directly from
deposition from the gas phase.
Crystallization can also refer to the
solid-liquid separation and purification
technique in which mass transfer occurs
from the liquid solution to a pure solid
crystalline phase
CRYSTALLIZATION
Although crystallization may
occur during precipitation, the
two terms are not
interchangeable. Precipitation
simply refers to the formation of
an insoluble (solid) from a
chemical reaction. A precipitate
may be amorphous or crystalline.
USES OF CRYSTALLIZATION

• CRYSTALLIZATION IS A COMMON AND USEFUL

LABORATORY TECHNIQUE. IT CAN BE USED TO PURIFY
SUBSTANCES, AND CAN BE COMBINED WITH ADVANCED
IMAGING TECHNIQUES TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF
THE SUBSTANCES CRYSTALLIZED. IN LABORATORY
CRYSTALLIZATION, A SUBSTANCE CAN BE DISSOLVED
INTO AN APPROPRIATE SOLVENT. HEAT AND CHANGES IN
ACIDITY CAN HELP THE MATERIAL DISSOLVE. WHEN
THESE CONDITIONS ARE REVERSED, THE MATERIALS
WITHIN THE SOLUTION PRECIPITATE OUT AT DIFFERENT
RATES. IF THE CONDITIONS ARE CONTROLLED PROPERLY,
PURE CRYSTALS OF A DESIRED SUBSTANCE CAN BE
OBTAINED.
 • PURIFICATION OF DRUGS ,IMPROVE
BIOAVAILABILITY OF THE DRUG AND CHOOSE
THE MOST STABLE FORM, A CRYSTALLINE
POWDER IS EASILY HANDLED ,STABLE ,
POSSESSES GOOD FLOW PROPERTIES AND AN
ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE . CRYSTALLIZATION
IMPORTANCE OF FROM SOLUTION IS IMPORTANT INDUSTRIALLY
CRYSTALLIZATIO BECAUSE OF THE VARIETY OF MATERIALS THAT
ARE MARKETED IN THE CRYSTALLINE FORM.
N CRYSTALLIZATION AFFORDS A PRACTICAL
METHOD OF OBTAINING PURE CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES IN A SATISFACTORY CONDITION
FOR PACKAGING AND STORING. A CRYSTAL
FORMED FROM AN IMPURE SOLUTION IS ITSELF
PURE (UNLESS MIXED CRYSTALS OCCUR).
 PROCESS OF CRYSTALLIZATION

• TO CRYSTALLIZE AN IMPURE, SOLID COMPOUND, ADD JUST ENOUGH HOT

SOLVENT TO IT TO COMPLETELY DISSOLVE IT. ... AS THE SOLUTION COOLS,
THE SOLVENT CAN NO LONGER HOLD ALL OF THE SOLUTE MOLECULES, AND
THEY BEGIN TO LEAVE THE SOLUTION AND FORM SOLID CRYSTALS.
 • THE FORMATION OF FROST
• THE FREEZING OF WATER
• EVAPORATION OF SALT WATER
EXAMPLES OF • MANUFACTURE OF ASPIRINS
CRYSTALLIZATIO • WINTERIZATION OF OILS
N USING • CRYSTALLIZATION OF SUGAR
EXPERIMENTS • COVALENT CRYSTALS OF CARBON
• REGRESSIVE SUBLIMATION
EXTRACTION • SUGAR CANE IS FIRST SHREDDED, THEN PRESSED
OF SUCROSE OUT, AND THE RESIDUES ARE EXTRACTED WITH
WATER AND ROLLER MILLS. DURING THE
FROM SUGAR CRUSHING, THE SOLIDS ARE SPRAYED WITH
CANE WITH A WATER OR DIFFUSION PROCESS AND THE SUGAR IS
SEPARATED FROM THE PLANTS BY DISSOLVING.
SIMPLE MILK OF LIME IS THEN ADDED TO THE BOILING
LIQUID WHICH FORMS A PRECIPITATE WITH
TREATMENT SOLUBLE NON-SUGARS. THE LIQUID IS THEN
OF FILTERED AND EVAPORATED. EXCESS MATERIAL IS
SKIMMED OFF THE TOP AND THE LIQUID IS
PRECIPITATION CONCENTRATED AND ALLOWED TO CRYSTALLIZE
THE SUCROSE AND DRAIN OFF EXCESS MOLASSES.
THE MIX IS ADDED TO SYRUP AND BOILED A FEW
MORE TIMES TO EXTRACT MAXIMUM SUCROSE.