Multicellular

Organisms
Circulatory System
Circulatory System

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc
Circulatory System Structures

 Heart

 Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

 Blood
 Circulatory System Function

 The overall function of the circulatory

system is to transport materials
throughout the body toward and away
from particular target organs and
tissues.
Two Pathways

 Pulmonary Circulation
 Carries blood to lungs and back
to the heart

 Systemic Circulation
 Carries blood to body and back
to the heart
 Capillaries of head and arms

Superior vena Pulmonary artery

cava Aorta

Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right Capillaries of left
lung lung

Inferior vena cava

Capillaries of abdominal
organs and legs
Your Blood Vessels

 3 types of vessels

 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
Artery vs. Vein
Arteries:
carries blood Away from heart

 Large
 Thick-walled, Muscular
 Elastic
 Oxygenated blood
 Exception Pulmonary Artery
 Carried under great pressure
 Steady pulsating

Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue

Capillaries

 Smallest vessel

 Microscopic

 Walls one cell thick

 Nutrients and gases diffuse here

 Veins:
Carries blood to heart
 Carries blood that contains
waste and CO2
 Exception pulmonary
vein
 Blood not under much
pressure
 Valves to prevent much
gravity pull, and blood
flowing backwards
Venules: larger than capillaries
Your Heart: The Vital Pump

 At REST, the heart

pumps about 5 LITRES
of blood a minute.

 During EXTREME
EXERTION (exercise)
it can pump 40 litres
a minute.
Heart:
Structure and Function

 Keeps blood moving

 Largeorgan
composed of Cardiac
muscle
Structure of Heart

 Four chambers
 Two upper (Atria)

Right Atria
Left Atria

 Two lower (Ventricles)

Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
 Bloods Path Through the Heart
 Both Atria fill at same time

 Rightatrium receives oxygen POOR blood

from body via the vena cava

 Left atrium receives oxygen RICH blood

from lungs through four pulmonary veins
(only veins that carry oxyen-rich blood)

 After filled with blood atria contract, pushing

blood into ventricles
Both ventricles contract

Right ventricle contracts and pushes

oxygen-poor blood toward lungs:

against gravity

through pulmonary arteries

Only artery that carries

oxygen-poor blood
Bloods Path Through the
Heart (cont)

Left ventricle contracts and forces

oxygen rich blood:

out of heart

through aorta (largest vessel)

The Blood

 Body contains 4-6 L

 Consists of
 Water

 Red Blood Cells

 Plasma

 White blood cells and

platelets
Erythrocytes (RBC)
 Transporters of
 Oxygen (haemoglobin)
 Carbon Dioxide
 RBC are produced in bone
marrow of
 ribs,
 humerus,
 femur,
 sternum, and other long bones
 Approx 5,000,000 RBC’s per
milliliter of blood!
 Biconcave shape – hollow in
centre
 No nucleus
 Leukocytes (WBC)

Red Blood Cells

 WBC fight infection

 Attack foreign
substances

 Less abundant

 Large cells White Blood Cells

Platelets
 PLATELETS are for
CLOTTING blood

 Cell fragments

 Produced in bone
marrow

 Produce fibrin (sticky

network of protein
fibers)
 Form a web trapping
blood cells
 Blood Clotting
Section 37-2

Break in Capillary Wall Clumping of Platelets Clot Forms

Blood vessels injured. Platelets clump at the site Thrombin converts

and release thromboplastin. fibrinogen into fibrin, which
Thromboplastin converts causes a clot. The clot
prothrombin into thrombin.. prevents further loss of
blood..
 Plasma

 Liquid part of the blood.

 Contains approx. 90% water.

 Dissolved in the plasma are

proteins, mineral salts,
glucose, amino acids, and cell
waste products.

 Plasma is the main transporter

of nutrients to the cells.
 Capillaries of head and arms

Superior vena Pulmonary artery

cava Aorta

Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right Capillaries of left
lung lung

Inferior vena cava

Capillaries of abdominal
organs and legs
Capillaries:
 Capillariesare the smallest type of
blood vessel

 Capillaries are where fluids, gases,

nutrients, and wastes are exchanged
between the blood and body tissues
by diffusion.

 Capillarywalls contain small pores that

allow certain substances to pass into
and out of the blood vessel.
Capillary Structure:
 Oxygenated blood travels from the heart in
large blood vessels called arteries.
 Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels
(arterioles) until the walls of blood vessel
become one cell thick.
 These small vessels are called capillaries.

 Each cell in the body is either in direct

contact with a capillary or one cell away from
a capillary.
Capillary Function:

 Due to the high blood pressure from

the arteries, blood fluid tends to leak
across the capillary walls, bathing the
cells with extracellular fluid (ECF).
 FLUID OUT –
Blood Pressure & FLUID IN –
Osmosis Osmosis
Capillary Function:
 The arteriole end of capillaries has a
high concentration of oxygen and
nutrients (e.g. glucose) which are vital
for tissue function.

 However at the venules end, which

removes waste products from tissues,
has a high concentration of carbon
dioxide and urea (waste product).
NUTRIENTS OUT – WASTE IN –
Oxygen, Glucose, Water, Urea, Carbon
Amino Acids, Water Dioxide
Lymph Capillaries:

 The ECF returns to the capillaries

under low pressure and the remainder
is collected into a separate system of
drainage vessels called lymph vessels.

 Returnfluid back to the circulatory

system near the heart.

 Lymphatic Vessels drain fluid and

transport lymphocytes (immune cells)
to their site of action
The Lymphatic & Circulatory systems are closely related to each other:
Maximise Exchange:

 Exchange surfaces of capillaries are extremely

thin (the wall is made up of a single layer of
squamous epithelial cells).

 ECF surround capillaries, keeping them moist.

 Surface area of the exchange surface is large

as the capillary network is so extensive (each
cell is next to or one cell away from a
capillary).

 Blood flow maintains a steep concentration

gradient between the ECF and the blood.