Aldehydes

Aldehydes
- are organic compound in which the carbon of the
carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.
- consist of carbonyl center.
- carbon is double bonded with oxygen
- carbon atom also bonded with hydrogen and to an R
group, which is may be any generic alkyl or side chain.
- always found at the end.
General Formula
RCHO

O
||
R-C-H
Carbonyl group (functional group)

- is a carbon atom double-

bonded to an oxygen atom
(C=O)
 PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDES
The only structural difference between hydrocarbons
and aldehydes is the presence in the latter of the
carbonyl group, and it is this group that is responsible
for the differences in properties, both physical and
chemical. The differences arise because the carbonyl
group is inherently polar- that is, the electrons that
make up the C=O bond are drawn closer to the oxygen
than to carbon.
This gives the oxygen a partial negative charge and the carbon a partial
positive charge. The polarity of a carbonyl group is often represented
using the Greek delta to indicate a partial charge(that is, a charge less
than one).
+C=O-
The negative end of one polar molecule is attracted to the positive end
of another polar molecule, which may be a molecule either of the same
substance or of a different substance
 Physical properties
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon therefore a C=O
group is polar.
Aldehydes are polar compounds and interact in the pure state by
dipole-dipole interactions.
They have higher boiling points and are more soluble in water than
nonpolar compounds of comparable molecular weight.
The polarity of the carbonyl group notably affects the physical
properties of melting and boiling point, solubility and dipole
moment.
The polarity of the carbonyl group notably affects the
physical properties of melting and boiling point,
solubility and dipole moment.
The reason for the high boiling point is that polar
molecules have greater attraction for each other than do
nonpolar molecules, requiring more energy- and thus
higher temperature- to separate them, which must occur
if compounds are to melt or to boil.
 EXAMPLES AND USES
IUPAC COMMON STRUCTURAL USES
NAME FORMULA

METHANAL FORMALDEHYDE O Kills most bacteria, and so

|| a solution of formaldehyde
H-C-H in water is commonly used
as a disinfectant.
ETHANAL ACETALHYDE O Used to produce other
|| chemicals, including
CH3 -C- H acetic acid and
disinfectants, drugs and
perfume.
 Nomenclature (IUPAC RULE)
Rule 1: Select as the parent carbon chain the longest chain
that includes the carbon atom of the carbonyl group.
O
||
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-C-H Pentane
|
CH2
|
CH3
Rule 2:
Name the parent chain by changing the –e ending of
the corresponding alkane to –al.

Pentane- Pentanal
Rule 3:
Determine the identity and location of any substituents, and
append this information before the parent chain name.
O
||
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-C-H 2-ethylpentanal
|
CH2CH3
Examples

CH3 O
| ||
CH3-CH-CH2-C-H

3-methylbutanal
Examples

CH3 O
| ||
CH3-CH-CH-CH2-C-H
|
CH2CH3
3-ethyl-4-methylpentanal
Second method

The other method of nomenclature for aldehydes is to

name them after the common name of the corresponding
carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid with the same
structure as the aldehyde except that –COOH appears
instead of –CHO. The acids are usually given a name
ending in –ic acid. Aldehydes are given the same name
but with the suffix –ic acid replaced by –aldehyde.
IUPAC name Common name IUPAC name Common name

Methanoic acid Formic acid Methanal Formaldehyde

Ethanoic acid Acetic acid Ethanal Acetaldehyde

Propanoic acid Propionic acid Propanal Propionaldehyde

Butanoic acid Butyric acid Butanal Butyraldehyde

Pentanoic acid Valeric acid Pentanal Valeraldehyde

Hexanoic acid Caproic acid Hexanal Caproaldehyde

 STRUCTURE COMMON NAME STRUCTURE COMMON NAME

HCO2H Formic acid HCHO Formaldehyde

CH3CO2H Acetic acid CH3CHO Acetaldehyde

CH3CH2CO2H Propionic acid CH3CH2CHO Propionaldehyde

CH3(CH2)2CO2H Butyric acid CH3(CH2)2CHO Butyraldehyde

CH3(CH2)3CO2H Valeric acid CH3(CH2)3CHO Valeraldehyde

CH3(CH2)4CO2H Caproic acid CH3(CH2)4CHO Caproaldehyde

IUPAC system for Naming Aromatic Aldehydes

Aromatic aldehydes are names as derivatives of benzaldehyde, the parent

compound.
O O
|| ||
C-H C-H
Cl 3-chloro-5
methylbenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde CH3
Prepared by:
Jezreil Lance Rances
George Macarubbo
Angel Labay