CNC

WHAT IS CNC MACHINE ?

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE

• WHY IT IS CALLED AS CNC ?

Since the information required to actuate and control slides of the
machine are coded numerically, this technology came to be known as
Numerical Control.
• WHAT IS CNC ?
Computerized Numerical Control is a numerical control system that
utilizes a dedicated stored programmed. Computer is used to perform
some or all basic function. Numerical control is a programmable
automation in which process is controlled by Numbers, Letters, and
symbols. (Computer +NC= CNC).
• WHAT IS CNC PROGRAM ?
A CNC Program is a set of instruction in the coded form.
Coded instruction are written in lines called blocks
• Blocks-G21, G97, G98
• Computer----Controller----CNC M/c
• Write Program—Load Program—Send electrical signals to CNC M/C

CNC Machines- Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:
• High Repeatability and Precision E.g. Aircraft parts
• Volume of production is very high
• Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined.
• Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap
• More safe, higher productivity, better quality
Disadvantages:
• Costly setup, skilled operators
• Computers, programming knowledge required
• Maintenance is difficult
• What the Programmer has to do to make Part
Programming ?
• Study the relevant component drawing thoroughly.
• Identify the type of material to be machined.
• Determine the specifications & function of M/C to be
used.
• Decide the dimension and mode: -metric or inch.
• Decide the coordinate system: -Absolute or Incremental.
• Determine the cutting parameters for the job/tool
combination.
• Decide the feed rate programming: -MM/MIN or M/Rev.
• Check the tooling required.
• Establish the sequence of machining operations.
• Part Programme
The coded instructions or commands listed in a logical sequence to have a
machine tool perform a specific tasks or a series of tasks in order to produce a
finished product in the minimum amount of time.
• Programming Key Letters
O - Program number (Used for program identification)
N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F – Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function
• CNC MACHINE CODE
G CODE –PREPARATORY CODES
THESE CODES ARE RELATED TO CUTTING CONDITION &TOOL
MOTION.
EXAMPLE –G01- LINEAR TOOL MOTION WITH FEED RATE.

M CODE-MISCELLANEOUS CODE
EXAMPLE- M08 - COOLENT ON M09 - COOLENT OFF
• List of G-codes
• G00 - Positioning rapid traverse
• G01 - Linear interpolation (feed)
• G02 - Circular interpolation CW
• G03 - Circular interpolation CCW
• G04 - Dwell
• G20 - Inch unit
• G21 - Metric unit
• G28 - Automatic zero return
• G40 - Tool nose radius compensation cancel
• G41 - Tool nose radius compensation left
• G42 - Tool nose radius compensation right
• G43 - Tool length compensation
• G54 - Work co-ordinate system 1 selection
• G55 - Work co-ordinate system 2 selection
• G56 - Work co-ordinate system 3 selection
• G57 - Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
• G58 - Work co-ordinate system 5 selection
• G59 - Work co-ordinate system 6 selection
• G80 - Canned cycle cancel
• G81 - Drilling cycle
• G82 - Drilling cycle with dwell
• G83 - Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
• G84 - Tapping cycle
• G90 - Absolute command
• G91 - Incremental command
• G94 - Feed per minute
• G95 - Feed per revolution
• G98 - Return to initial point in canned cycle
• G99 - Return to R point in canned cycle
• List of M codes
M codes vary from machine to machine depending on the functions
available on it. They are decided by the manufacturer of the machine. The M
codes listed below are the common ones.
M00 - Optional program stop automatic
M01 - Optional program stop request
M02 - Program end
M03 - Spindle ON clock wise (CW)
M04 - Spindle ON counter clock wise (CCW)
M05 - Spindle stop
M06 - Tool change
M07 - Mist coolant ON (coolant 1 ON)
M08 - Flood coolant ON (coolant 2 ON)
M09 - Coolant OFF
M30 - End of program, Reset to start
M98 - Sub program call
M99 - Sub program end
• REFERENCE POINT AND RETURN
G28 - Return To Reference Point, set optional intermediate
point.
The G28 code is used to return to the machine zero
position on all axes. If an X, Y, Z axis is on the same block
and specifies a location, only those axes will move and
return to the machines zero reference point and the
movement to the machines zero reference point will be
through that specified location.
Format: -G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
• HOME POSITION
The point from which the tool starts the program execution
and to which the tool return is known tool home position.
This is the position, where a change in the tool usually
takes place. So this position is known as tool change
position.

• TOOL OFFSET
Tool offset is the distance of tool from job zero through X,
Z axis in case of CNC lathe when the tool is at home
position. Tool offset is taken to assign zero on job.