RUBELLA

GRUP 2 :
1) BUNGA EDELWEISS
2) DINAAMELIA
3) GIOVANELAALYAWINARSO
4) INTAN RYATNI SUHARA
5) MEISSY KIRANTI
6) MUFLIHAH KAMILA
7) POOJA NADILA
8) RAJA KUMAR SINGH
 DEFINITION RUBELLA

Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. It's also called German measles or
three-day measles. While this infection may cause mild symptoms or even no symptoms in most people, it can cause
serious problems for unborn babies whose mothers become infected during pregnancy.

HISTORY RUBELLA

In 1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by rash, adenopathy, and little or no fever
was a discrete entity. Henry Veale, in 1866, named the disease rubella.

The illness attracted little attention until 1942.

The Virus was isolated in 1962.

During the 1962 to 1965 worldwide rubella epidemic.

Licensure and widespread distribution of attenuated rubella virus vaccines in 1969 have prevented epidemic rubella.
 PREVALENCY

Each year, through surveillance activities, more than 11,000 cases of suspected measles are reported, and laboratory
confirmation results show that 12–39% of them are lab confirmed measles while 16–43% are definite rubella. From 2010 to 2015,
there were an estimated 23,164 cases of measles and 30,463 cases of rubella. It is estimated that the number of cases is still lower
than the actual number in the field, considering that there are still many cases that are not reported, especially from private health
services and the completeness of surveillance reports is still low. In Indonesia, Rubella is a public health problem that requires
effective prevention efforts. Surveillance data for the past five years show that 70% of cases of rubella occur in the <15 years age
group. In addition, based on a study on the estimated burden of CRS disease in Indonesia in 2013, it was estimated that there were
2,767 CRS cases, 82 / 100,000 occurred at the maternal age of 15-19 years and decreased to 47 / 100,000 at the maternal age of 40-
44 years.
 MECHANISM

The mechanisms underlying increasedrisk of CRS in the first trimester, followed by

decreased risk in the second trimester, have not wellunderstood but are suggested
below.Maternal rubella infection also results in a high frequency oftype 1 diabetesin the
offspring,typically presenting after many years.

Between 25% and 40% of young adults with a history ofcongenital rubella developed type
1 diabetes between ages 10 and 30, many having chronic thyroiditisor other autoimmune
diseases [32]. Of 40 patients with congenital rubella born in 1939–1943 and seenagain in 1967
and 1991, all had hearing impairments, eye defects (including microphthalmia) andvascular
defects.
 SYMPTOM

The signs and symptoms of rubella are often difficult to notice, especially in children. Signs and
symptoms generally appear between two and three weeks after exposure to the virus. They usually last
about one to five days and may include:
1. Mild fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or lower
2. Headache
3. Stuffy or runny nose
4. Inflamed, red eyes
5. Enlarged, tender lymph nodes at the base of the skull, the back of the neck and behind the ears
6. A fine, pink rash that begins on the face and quickly spreads to the trunk and then the arms and legs,
before disappearing in the same sequence
7. Aching joints, especially in young women
 METHOD, EQUIPMENT, PROCEDURE

Method : ELISA Enzyme (Linked Immuno absorbance Assay)

Equipment : Washer, Microwell, Micropipet, Blue tip

Procedure : serum – Pippet 100ul serum to the microwell. For the blanko, add 100ul sample diluent then
homogen – incubate on 37 degre celcius or 30 minute – wash 5x with washer buffer – then, add 100ul
enzyme conjugate on each well and incubation on 37 degre celcius for 30 minute – wash and clean
microtiter well 5x with washer buffer – add 100ul reagen TMB to the well, mix in 10 second – Close plate
with the black cover and incubate 37 degre celcius for 5 minute – 100 ul closed solution (HCL 1N) –
Mixed slowly for 30 second – read the result
 LABORATORY RESULT
Ig G (-) and Ig M (-)
It’s never been infected and it’s a risk of becoming infected.
When pregnant, it is necessary to monitor every 3 months for
the rest of pregnancy. Take precautions to prevent infection.
Ig G (+) and Ig M (-)
Previous infectiobs, if tests were made early in pregnancy,
would mean the infection had been long (before pregnancy)
and was now imune, further tests would be unnecessary.
Ig G (+) and Ig M (+)
There is a possibility of a new primary infection or the
infection had been long, but the Ig M is still detected.
Secondary infection, so it appears Ig M positive.
 MANAGEMENT CARE

Rubella can be prevented through immunization. It is recommended that children be given a first vaccine
at 12 to 15 months of age. Rubella vaccine is usually given in conjunction with measles and mumps
vaccines in a shot referred to as MMR (mumps, measles, and rubella). A second vaccine is given at 4 to 6
years of age.If you are pregnant, you should delay being vaccinated until after your baby is born. Even
though it has never happened, in theory you could pass on the rubella vaccine virus to your fetus.
 CONCLUSION

Rubella is a highly contagious viral infection that commonly affects children but also affects adolescents
and adults (also called German Measles). Rubella infection is most dangerous in the first 20 weeks of
pregnancy. As a result, babies can be born with deafness, blindness, heart defects, and intellectual
disabilities. The most effective prevention is immunization.