Hidaya Institute of Science & Technology

1
Hidaya Institute of
Science & Technology
www.histpk.org
A Division of Hidaya Trust, Pakistan
Engr. Z.A. Solangi © Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org
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HDLC And PPP
By
Z.A. Solangi
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HDLC and PPP are considered to be layer 2 protocols

of the OSI model
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Agenda
High level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
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HDLC
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HDLC Encapsulation
• In 1979, the ISO agreed on HDLC as a standard bit-oriented data link

layer protocol that encapsulates data on synchronous serial data links.
• Since 1981, ITU-T has developed a series of HDLC derivative protocols.
• The following examples of derivative protocols are called link access
protocols:
– Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) for X.25
– Link Access Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) for ISDN
– Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM)
– Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay (LAPF)
© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org 6
Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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HDLC Encapsulation
• Standard HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a

single link, as it does not have a way to indicate which protocol is being
carried.
• Cisco offers a proprietary version of HDLC.
• The Cisco HDLC frame uses a proprietary ‘type’ field that acts as a
protocol field.
• The Protocol field is used to specify the protocol type encapsulated
within the HDLC frame (e.g. 0x0800 for Internet Protocol)
Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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Configuring HDLC
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
• The default encapsulation method used by Cisco

devices on synchronous serial lines is Cisco
HDLC.
• Cisco HDLC is a point-to-point protocol that can
be used on leased lines between two Cisco
devices.
• When communicating with a non-Cisco device,
synchronous PPP is a better option.
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Troubleshooting a serial interface
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PPP
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PPP layered architecture
• PPP contains two sub-protocols:

– Link Control Protocol – Used for establishing the point-to-point link.
• Negotiate and setup control options on the WAN data link.
– Network Control Protocol – Used for configuring various network layer
protocols.
• Encapsulate and negotiate options for multiple network layer protocols.
• The LCP sits on top of the physical layer and is used to establish,
configure, and test the data-link connection.
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PPP Frame Format
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PPP Features
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LCP
• LCP will also do the following:

– Handle varying limits on packet size
– Detect common misconfiguration errors
– Terminate the link
– Determine when a link is functioning properly or when it fails
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PPP Session Establishment
• PPP session establishment progresses through

three phases:
– link establishment phase
– Authentication phase
– network layer protocol phase

Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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PPP Session Establishment
(Detail)
1. Link establishment - (LCPs)

2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs)
3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs)
4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs)
5. Link termination (LCPs)

Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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Link-establishment phase
• In this phase each PPP device sends LCP frames to configure and test
the data link.
• LCP frames contain a configuration option field that allows devices to
negotiate the use of options such as the maximum transmission unit
(MTU), compression of certain PPP fields, and the link-authentication
protocol.
• If a configuration option is not included in an LCP packet, the default
value for that configuration option is assumed.
• Before any network layer packets can be exchanged, LCP must first
open the connection and negotiate the configuration parameters.
• This phase is complete when a configuration acknowledgment frame
has been sent and received.
Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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Authentication Phase (Optional)
• After the link has been established and the authentication protocol decided
on, the peer may be authenticated.
• Authentication, if used, takes place before the network layer protocol phase
is entered.
• As part of this phase, LCP also allows for an optional link-quality
determination test.
– The link is tested to determine whether the link quality is good enough to
bring up network layer protocols

Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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Network Layer Protocol Phase
• In this phase the PPP devices send NCP packets to choose and configure a
network layer protocol, such as IP.
• Once each of the chosen network layer protocols has been configured,
packets from each network layer protocol can be sent over the link.
• If LCP closes the link, it informs the network layer protocols so that they can
take appropriate action.
• The show interfaces command shows the LCP and NCP states under
PPP configuration.
• The PPP link remains configured for communications until LCP or NCP
frames close the link or until an inactivity timer expires or a user intervenes.

Engr. Z.A. Solangi
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Configuring PPP
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
• Enables PPP encapsulation on serial interface 0/0
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Configuring PPP
DTE 1 7 2 .2 5 .3 .0 /2 4 DCE
.2 /S 0 S e r ia l .1 /S 0
interface Serial0 interface Serial0
ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp encapsulation ppp
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Verifying PPP
LCP
NCP
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The End

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1

HDLC And PPP

HDLC and PPP are considered to be layer 2 protocols

High level Data Link Control (HDLC)

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

• In 1979, the ISO agreed on HDLC as a standard bit-oriented data link

• Standard HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a

• The default encapsulation method used by Cisco

• PPP contains two sub-protocols:

• LCP will also do the following:

• PPP session establishment progresses through

© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org 15

1. Link establishment - (LCPs)

© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org 16

© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org 18

© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www.histpk.org 19

• Enables PPP encapsulation on serial interface 0/0

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