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Interpretation of
Turbomachinery
Vibration Data

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Vibration Analysis

 Benefits
 Instrumentation
 Applications

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Vibration Analysis Benefits

 Early Problem Detection

 Correlate Operating Data
 Valid Data Acquisition

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 Economic Benefits

 Minimize Unscheduled Downtime

 Reduce Maintenance Costs
 Increase Equipment Life

112-066
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Standard Monitoring System

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Standard Monitoring System

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 Portable Data Acquisition
and Processing System
COLLECT DATA FROM
LOAD DATA INTO PC TURBOTRONIC CONTROL

DATA
ACQUISITION BOX

TREND AND
ANALYZE DATA intrepretingvibration01-8
 Typical Vibration Causes

 Worn Bearings
 Misalignment
 Mechanical Unbalance
 Loose Mounting Structures

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 Vibration Sensors

 Displacement Transducers
 Velocity Transducers
 Accelerometers

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Displacement Probe System

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Displacement Probe System

PROXIMITOR

PROXIMITY PROBE, VERTICAL

PROXIMITOR

PROXIMITY PROBE, HORIZONTAL

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Velocity Transducer

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Accelerometer Transducer

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 Typical Vibration Pickup Locations

SHAFT GAS TURBINE GEARBOX GENERATOR

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 Typical Vibration Pickup Locations
Add

Proximity Probes Accelerometer Velocity Transducer

“Y” GP.INL.V (Drive (Non-Drive
Probe 1Y 2Y 3Y 4Y 5Y Vert Horiz End) End)
“X” K1 K2 K3
Probe

5X
1X 2X 3X 4X Axial
SHAFT GAS TURBINE GEARBOX GENERATOR

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Diagnostic Software

 Amplitude
 Phase Angle
 Frequency
 Shaft Position
 Rotor Speed
 Process Data

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 Data Collection

 Steady-State Operation
 Transient
- Start-up
- Shutdown

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Steady-State Data Collection

 Documents Normal Operation

 Performed Periodically

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 Typical Waterfall Plot

1997
Dec
PEAK VELOCITY, in./sec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

FREQUENCY
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Transient Vibration Data Collection

 Synchronous
 Subsynchronous
 Supersynchronous

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Effects on Transient Data

 Start-up (Cold Engine)

- Torsional Vibration
- Alignment Offsets
- Torque Forces
 Shutdown (Hot Engine)
- No External Influence

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Vibration Data Plotting Formats

 Spectrum
 Waterfall
 Trend
 Orbit and Time-Based
 Shaft Position
 Bode
 Polar
 Spectrum Cascade

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 Typical Spectrum Plot
1
AMPLITUDE, 0.2 mil pp/div

1x
Engine

1x
Generator

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
FREQUENCY, Hz
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 Typical Waterfall Plot

1997
Dec
PEAK VELOCITY, in./sec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

FREQUENCY
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 Typical Trend Analysis Plot
0.7

0.6 FAULT (Shutdown)

PEAK VELOCITY, in./sec

0.5

0.4
ALERT (Alarm)
0.3

0.2 WARNING

0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DAYS intrepretingvibration01-26
Typical Orbit and Time-Based Plot

CCW ROTATION
VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

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 Typical Shaft Position Plot

CCW ROTATION 3

2 9500
9400
9200
8700
8000
1
7600

4500
500 5500

300

-1 0 1
POSITION, mils or m intrepretingvibration01-28
 Typical Bode Plot

0
PHASE ANGLE 180
360
180 Phase Angle
360
180
5
AMPLITUDE

4 1 x Synchronous
3 Vibration Amplitude
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
SPEED, rpm (000) intrepretingvibration01-29
112-116
 Typical Polar Plot

270

CCW ROTATION 3580 3620

3660
3540
3710
11320 3750
3500 3790
13720 3830
3460 1500 3910 TRANSDUCER
180 10360 4120 0
10070 3290 6200 LOCATION
9860 8120
8660
9570 8860
9280 8990
9200 9070

90 intrepretingvibration01-30
 Typical Spectrum Cascade Plot
16
1X 2X

AMPLITUDE, 2 mils pp/div

12
SPEED, rpm (000)

0
0 250 500 750 1000
FREQUENCY, Hz intrepretingvibration01-31
 Typical Rotor System Observations

 Normal Operation
 Misalignment
 Mechanical Balance Conditions
 Critical Speed Shift
 Structural Resonance
 Shaft Bow
 Subsynchronous / Fluid-Induced Vibration

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 Normal Taurus Gearbox Velocity
NJN - T5701 GEN SCHERING PLOUGH
HG93374 -GBH RGB HOR CEC-131-0101
0.10
Route Spectrum
10-DEC-96 11:24

0.08
OVRALL= .0870 V-DG
RMS = .0870
RMS Velocity in In/Sec

LOAD =4100.0
0.06
RPM = 1800.
RPS = 30.00

0.04

0.02

0
Freq: 208.75
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ordr: 6.958
Frequency in Hz Spec: .01941

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Normal Centaur Gearbox Acceleration
NJN - CENTAUR CED CIBA GIEGY
CG84320 -R2V RGB VERT 0-11K M93
7
Route Spectrum
02-OCT-95 13:57
6

OVRALL= 10.61 A-DG

5 RMS = 10.54
LOAD =2600.0
RMS Acceleration in G-s

4 RPM = 14950.
RPS = 249.17

0
Freq: 3743.1
0 4000 8000 12000
Ordr: 15.02
Frequency in Hz Spec: 5.125
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Causes of Misalignment

 Improper Offsets
 Thermal Growth
 Piping Connections
 Rust
 Loose Fasteners
 Damaged Dowel Pins
 Weak Foundation

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Orbital Plots Showing Misalignment
Due to Thermal Expansion
NORMAL OPERATION
Inboard Outboard

MISALIGNMENT DUE TO THERMAL EXPANSION

Inboard Outboard

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Misalignment Damage Potential

 High Radial and Axial Vibration

 High Bearing Temperatures
 Premature Bearing and Seal Wear

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Causes of Shift in Critical Speed

 Change in Rotor Stiffness

 Loose Foundation
 Misalignment
 High Thermal Expansion

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 Effect of Bearing Replacement

AMPLITUDE, mil pp PHASE ANGLE

300
Before
360
After
60

120

4
Before
3
2 After

1
0
2 4 6 8 10
SPEED, rpm (000)
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Cause of Structural Resonance

Structural Resonance Usually Appears

on Poorly Damped System and Typically
Acts over Narrow Speed Range

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 Coast-Down Polar Plots
Revealing Structural Resonance
INBOARD BEARING OUTBOARD BEARING
CCW ROTATION CCW ROTATION
270 270

1480
1520
1375 1605
1350 1495 1550
1800 1800 Structural
Structural
1290 Resonance 985 Resonance
180 125 0 180 1320
565
0
980 960
955 830 710
935
935
1480

1800

90 90
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 Data from Repaired Inboard
and Outboard Bearings
INBOARD BEARING OUTBOARD BEARING
CCW ROTATION CCW ROTATION
270 270

1215
1220
1155 1255 1285
1140 1800 1800
180 0 180 0
1130 1040 1130
1085
1120 1120

90 90

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 Causes of Shaft Bow

 Improper Cooldown Time, Chimney Effect

 Extended Inactivity

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Shaft-Bow Damage Potential

 Blade Tip Rubs

 Seal Damage

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 High Slow-Roll Runout
CCW SHAFT ROTATION VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

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 Normal Slow-Roll Runout
CCW SHAFT ROTATION VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

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 Some Causes of
Fluid-Induced Vibration

 Excessive Bearing Clearance

 Lightly Loaded Bearings

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 Ideal Shaft Operating
Location in Bearing

BEARING SHAFT
CENTER CENTER

Rotation

OIL WEDGE
REGION

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 Fluid Average Velocity
FLUID
AVERAGE
VELOCITY

Rotation

FLUID
AVERAGE
VELOCITY

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Cascade Spectrum Plot of Compressor
Subsynchronous Vibration

INSTABILITY
REGION
0.45 SSV

Time rpm
0 100 200 300 400 500
FREQUENCY, 20 Hz/div
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Compressor Operating Speed: ~ 22,300 rpm (372 Hz)
 Typical Vibration Modes of
Centrifugal Compressor Rotor
Y

Y
Cylindrical

Pivotal / Conical

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 Polar Plots of Inboard and Outboard
Bearings before Balancing
INBOARD BEARING OUTBOARD BEARING
CCW ROTATION CCW ROTATION
2nd Mode
0 Heavy Spot 0
1st Mode 1st Mode
Heavy Heavy
Spot 2938 Spot 2938
2964 2964
3016 9750 3016
2886 9958
2886 9568 3068
2808 3068 10400
6448 9412
270 11076
10478 14112 3094
90 270 4056 10946 90
10192 3198 14112 12766
9568
9932 9698

2g
2nd Mode Correction
Heavy Spot Weight
180 180

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 Polar Plots of Inboard and Outboard
Bearings after Balancing
INBOARD BEARING OUTBOARD BEARING
CCW ROTATION CCW ROTATION
0 0

3016 3016
2964 2964
2938 3068 9932 3068
14147 3094 9542 10556
270 10790 90 270 10946 90
10478 9672
9828 12714
118

180 180

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Centaur 40 Power Turbine High
Velocity Before Trim Balance

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Centaur 40 Power Turbine High
Velocity after Trim Balance

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Forward Engine Compressor
Balance Plane

BALANCE
WEIGHT -
ADD HOLE

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Aft Engine Compressor
Balance Plane

BALANCE
WEIGHT -
ADD HOLE

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 Balance Plane Access

TOOL FOR
ROTATING
ROTOR

ACCESS
COVER

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 Summary

 Early Detection
 Multiple-Channel Data Acquisition Systems
 Correlate Process Data
 Analyze Steady-State and Transient Data
 Minimize Risk
 Maximize Life-Cycle Investment

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intrepretingvibration01-60