SURFACE FINISHING

TO
PREVENT FROM
DETERIORATION DUE TO
THE FORMATION
OF
EFFLORESCENCE, STALLING,
LEACHING, STAINING
Date: 2067/02/07

Lecturer: Rajaram Lamichhane

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM:

Architects task - maintain the texture

of building materials

Most of the defects are due to

moisture, oil and smoke/fire

Porous and absorptive property of the

material compliment to these
problems
MAJOR PROBLEM:
Destroy aesthetics

Allow passage of the catalytic agents

of disease

Affect the quality and strength of

material
CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM:

In mature concrete

Due to bad design

Due to poor selection of material

Poor workmanship eg. without

throating or coping
CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM:
In green concrete
Using different quality of timber in
same formwork

Formwork detaching themselves

from the concrete allowing dirt or
dust to settle down

Types of release agent used

CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM:

In Masonry walls

• Due to age

• Due to materials present in the bricks

or stones or mortar coming in contact
with atmosphere
PREVENTION:
Varnishing

Bituminous or coal tar painting

Filling the capillary pores and hairline

cracks with Polysiloxame based paints
PREVENTION:
Use of Hydro guard

Epoxy based application

Anti abrasive aluminum oxide films

REMOVAL OF STAINS:

Use of soap solution:

Wash the stain with soap solution
Use of organic acid:
Tarmarind water (tartaric acid)
Inorganic acids like HCl diluted to
1/10
REMOVAL OF STAINS:

Sand blasting:
Sand kept in a tank is blasted
against the wall

Suitablefor porous materials like

sand stone and certain types of
bricks
EFFLORESCENCE
INTRODUCTION:
White stain on the face of brickwork

Caused by deposits of soluble salts

Caused by allowing water to be

trapped for a long period of time

Generally harmless
INTRODUCTION:
Dry brushing or splashing with clean
water may be used to remove

Acids may also be used

Efflorescence may also appear on

concrete surfaces but not so common
TYPES OF EFFLORESCENCE:

Powdery efflorescence Crystalline efflorescence

ERADICATION OF EFFLORESCENCE:
Stop the source of ingress of moisture

Remove plaster from both sides

Allow the wall to thoroughly dry

Remove bad brick work and fill the

voids by cement concrete(1:2:4)
ERADICATION OF EFFLORESCENCE:
Check the mortar joints carefully and pack
the joints where necessary after removing
loose mortar

When the wall is fully dry, remove whitish

mould and wash the surface by tarmarind
water and wash again with clean water

Then the surface is plastered with C/S

mortar not leaner than 1:4 with admixture
of water proofing compound
VEGETATION:
Growth of vegetation damages
masonry seriously

Vegetation deep entered into the brick

work may extent great pressure and
cracks appear may result in
destruction of masonry

Vegetation should be removed and

roots should be destroyed by copper
sulphate
PRESERVATION
MEASURES
TO
REMEDY
FROM
CORROSION
INTRODUCTION
Metals are derived from ores

The metallic state is unstable

Reversion process is known as

oxidation or corrosion

Corrosion of steel is an electrochemical

process resulting the conversion of
metal into oxides and salts
INTRODUCTION
Corrosion is the destruction of a
substance or its properties

Both oxygen and moisture must be

present in order for corrosion to occur

The substance resulting out of

corrosion is known as rust
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CORROSION
The nature of the surrounding
environment such as availability

- of water

- oxygen

- ionic species

- pH and

- temperature
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CORROSION
Composition of steel and concrete

Inferior material

Poor workmanship

Structural design defects

Inadequate maintenance
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CORROSION
Presence of active gases and harmful
salts in the surrounding atmosphere

Chemical composition of metal itself

together with its internal structure

Pores and cracks in the surface

Steel rusts more easily than wrought

iron
EFFECTS OF CORROSION
 Rust occupies a volume much greater
than the steel itself

 This exerts large expansive stresses on

the surrounding concrete

 As concrete is low in tensile strength,

these stresses can cause cracking and
sapling
EFFECTS OF CORROSION
 Permits faster ingress of water, oxygen
and chlorides, accelerating corrosion
further

 May adversely affect the structural

performance of reinforced concrete

 Reduces the cross-sectional area of the

steel making discontinuous surface,
thus reducing its resistance to stresses
PROCESS OF CORROSION
PREVENTION FROM CORROSION
Coal tarring- visually unattractive and
hence usually used in substructures
only

Electroplating- copper, nickel,

cadmium or chromium is laid on
ferrous metal

Galvanizing- Metal surface is dipped

into a bath of molten zinc